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Showing posts with label Learning. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Learning. Show all posts

An Instructional Resource Prototype

ADDIE Model, Instructional Design, Learning, Online Instruction 0 comments


An Instructional Resource Prototype
By Prof. Jonathan Acuña Solano
Thursday, April 30, 2015
Twitter: @jonacuso
Post 158

Antecedents

·         Instructional resources can be costly in time and effort to develop. Creating rough drafts or prototypes of instructional resources will help any teacher or instructor evaluate and revise the resources before one commits the time and effort to make a final version that can be used as part of a current or future course.
·         In addition, a prototype allows us to review and revise our own resources, making sure each single resource is supporting the desired learning objectives and goals of the course one gets to be teaching.
·         In this Assignment, from the instructor’s point of view, I want to show how I developed a prototype for one instructional resource from my Action Plan (which is posted right here by as Blog Post #157) and that is reproduced too at the end.
·         I wanted to analyze how that resource supported my learning objectives for the online course I was –at that point- developing. This can give you a rough idea of how the ADDIE model for producing instructional material.
·         Then, I explored how to mitigate implementation challenges that could arise for my instructional resource.

The Actual Plan

In my action plan for my Materials Design course at the university level, it was indeed essential to visually provide learners with some sort of aid for them to build their own reading activities for their current or future EFL/ESL students. As someone who constantly browses the web to try to spot new material and media to be used in my courses, it is often difficult to find what I would simply call tailor-made ones. So, when there is no such a thing still available on the web, it is our instructor’s task to create it to give to our students for the understanding of the subject-matter and for them to accomplish the learning outcome of a unit, week, or module in our course outline and program.



In my action plan, I highlighted an instructional resource I do not think it really exists. It is highlighted in red, and included here as well:

Instructional Resource
Video or slideshow to display how a reading activity is designed

What would a prototype media look like to help students understand how a reading activity for language learners is designed? 


If asked about the challenges in regards to this piece on instructional resource, I must admit that it has to do with the students’ reaction towards it. Its success can only be measured if the learning outcomes are produced, and depending on how well it is achieved, then we can say that is good. If not, we need to start over again with the analysis, based on the ADDIE model, to mitigate the misleading impact it can produce.

Doing something like this is indeed a challenge.



Concluding Remarks

          Basically what we have here is an attempt to help oneself find the suitable steps to create instructional pieces that can facilitate student knowledge acquisition. As soon as learners have gotten the information required, the next step is to find (a) way(s) to help them develop their skills, so they can visualize how this skills can actually become a competence they can exercise at work. By means of this, we have indeed helped students learn something deeply.



An Instructional Design Prototype from jonacuso


Thursday, April 30, 2015



What Future for Education?

Education and Learning, Future for Education?, Learning 1comments


What Future for Education?

By Prof. Jonathan Acuña Solano
Tuesday, October 7, 2014
Twitter: @jonacuso
Post 154

Based on my experience as a learner and as a faculty member at Universidad Latina in Costa Rica, the future for education is quite intriguing but fascinating. The puzzle starts when one looks back in time and you see how education has –little by little- changed from the moment you first stepped into a classroom as a very young kid (probably in Kindergarten) and now that you may even be part of the education of different age groups (in my case at the university level). This though-provoking guiding “star” brought me to Coursera to help me mull over the future for education, at least in a Latin American country like mine, Costa Rica.

When asked “what ideas do you already have about the future of education?,” I must confess that I have several. On the one hand, education is harmonizing with the new trends that technology is bringing along. As an educator interested in “deep learning,” I have been working with several types of educational movements aligned with the use of technology. It has been now five years since I started working with blended learning along with Project-Based Learning (PBL) and Internet-Based Learning (IBL), which have proven good allies of learners surrounded by social media, Google, and gaming. Notwithstanding, none of these trends prompt “deep learning” and deep processing of information that can last beyond the ringing of the bell at the end of the class per se. If deep learners are meant to “organize new ideas and concept into a coherent whole based on principles,” to use “learning strategies that emphasize understanding, application, and critical thinking,” and to “build on and connect knowledge from one subject to the next and one course to the next” (Laureate Education, 2010), blended learners can benefit from education and its actual evolution and direction, but what will happen to surface learners?

The Internet has become a great associate for any student, but is it an ally for deep, hierarchical thinking? What kind of impact is the Internet really having on education? I am afraid that it is not really provoking the desired effect in education, which is to help students learn. And that learning, which can be labeled as mere knowledge, is not exactly creating any kind of skill development in the learner, nor any type of competence that can be actually utilized in a working environment (Crespo, R. M., Najjar, J., Derntl, M., Leony, D., Neumann, S., Oberhuemer, P....& Delgado Kloos, C. 2010). On the other hand, it has helped many autonomous learners achieve their desired learning and expand their horizons through social media, educational videos in various websites, eBooks that can now be downloaded for free just because there are authors who are also willing to share their insights and know-how. Is this another element for the future for education, in which more and more people can have access to quality education? I really hope so. And what about the dichotomy that somehow traps us all: “Task-conscious or acquisition learning” vs. “Learning-conscious or formalized learning” (Smith, M. 2003); which of the two types of education can be more profitable for students? Perhaps both?

To sum up, globalization is indeed having a great impact on how technology is used in education, but how is it affecting learning? This is indeed the puzzling question that brought me to Coursera. Perhaps, after reading all contributions by participants and what Dr. Clare Brooks, Institute of Education, University of London, has chosen for us to read, listen to and reflect upon can help me find a satisfactory answer.



Laureate Education Inc. (2010). Learner Approaches to Learning. Retrieved on October 7, 2014 from https://www.dropbox.com/s/886cactgktmt2is/Doc%201%20-%20Learner%20Approaches%20to%20Learning.pdf?dl=0

Crespo, R. M., Najjar, J., Derntl, M., Leony, D., Neumann, S., Oberhuemer, P....& Delgado Kloos, C. (2010). Aligning assessment with learning outcomes in outcome-based education. IEEE Education Engineering 2010, 1239-1246. Retrieved from http://dbis.rwth-aachen.de/~derntl/papers/preprints/educon2010-icoper-preprint.pdf

Smith, M. (2003). Learning Theory: models, product and process. Retrieved on October 1, 2014 from the Infed.Org webpage at http://infed.org/mobi/learning-theory-models-product-and-process/



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Tuesday, October 07, 2014



Strategies for Engaging Students

Education and Learning, Learning, Student Engagement, Student Interest, Teaching, Teaching Philosophy, Teaching Practices 0 comments


Strategies for Engaging Students

By Prof. Jonathan Acuña Solano
Tuesday, September 30, 2014
Twitter: @jonacuso
Post 149

I am an ELT instructor mostly working with students who are majoring in English Language Teaching (ELT) at Universidad Latina in Costa Rica. I currently teach various types of courses, mostly on literature and technology for education, on a hybrid modality in which there is a F2F session per week and an Internet-based assignment for students to complete. For the nature of these college courses, I work with different teaching focuses to deal with diverse instructional objectives and outcomes in which I take into account student learning preferences and their development of technological skills to be used in education.

As a very simple teaching strategy I get to use in any of the courses I teach, at the beginning of each course I tell my students –based on the course outline- what I expect of them in our hybrid modality of learning always linked to Bloom’s taxonomy, which allows me to see a measurable behavior when projects are submitted. At the beginning of the course, as if it were some sort of previewing exercise for me, I try to find out how much students know technology-wise and content-wise to foresee which areas need to be strengthened or developed more to achieve learning outcomes. And to guarantee success, I like to spend some 20 minutes of each class making sure what the class needs to have accomplished by the time online assignments are submitted.

My pupils will always find a sketch of every single piece of a project they must develop in my class, which somehow synthetizes what needs to be learned, mastered, and graded. I have created my own instructional tools to comply with course outline requisites. However, it is interesting when I have my learners work hand-on on something right there in the classroom, whether that is in situ or perhaps prepared in advanced. In any case, when they are made responsible for their own learning, it is when I get to realize what my students are made of and ready to perform to demonstrate that my explanations have not been delivered only to the classroom’s walls.

In terms of formative and summative assessment, my exercises –I guess I should call them learning tasks- are broken into different segments to see the evolution of the process and how students handle it. I am not into partial or final examinations any more, and for that reason I break down those percentages to have more fulfilling learning tasks to verify that students are understanding and that there is a change in their behavior as future teaching professionals. I would rather see my students perform badly once than to see them failing because of an exam. Learning projects are much more rewarding for my students, who get a sense of accomplishment, and for me the instructor, who can see their development throughout the process.

At certain key moments of the course, especially after certain big tasks, I like to have a feedback session with the whole class. I like to give my feedback to my students as well as to listen to what they have to say. If there is something that can be improved, I will try to take care of it to maximize student learning. If it cannot be done during the term, I keep that information to make a different kind of planning the next time I teach the course. Reflective teaching with student feedback is a great way to achieve one’s professional development.


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Student Engagement from Eastteacher80

Pittman, A. (2013, Nov. 25). Student Engagement. [PPT]. Retrieved on Sept. 30, 2014 from the SlideShare.Net Website at http://www.slideshare.net/Eastteacher80/student-engagement-28599319?related=1


Tuesday, September 30, 2014



Goals for Learning

Bloom's Taxonomy, Learning, Reflective Teaching, Teaching Practices, Teaching Styles 0 comments


Goals for Learning

By Prof. Jonathan Acuña Solano
Sunday, September 21, 2014
Twitter: @jonacuso
Post 148

Pre-Reflective Activity
Take a look at the following case in a sociology class. Reflecting upon the situation, what would you have done differently? I did post my own way of seeing the problem. Would you come up with a different reflection?


Maria is teaching a course in first-year sociology. It is the first time she has taught the course, having stepped in for a colleague who became ill very near the start of the term. Her colleague was able to send her a copy of his syllabus, which provided the chapter readings for each class, and some lecture notes. Since she had less than a week before the start of the term, and several other classes to prepare for, she decided to use her colleague’s syllabus without modifying it. He is a well-respected faculty member in the department, and she could not imagine that there would be anything she would need to do differently.

The syllabus called for a quiz at the end of the first three weeks of class. As she was preparing the quiz, she thought back to some of the discussions she had had in class, and some of the questions students had asked. She often felt like they were missing the point of the class—they seemed too focused on terms and facts, and did not appear to appreciate the contribution that sociology could make to understanding everyday human behavior. She decided to include some questions about this on the quiz, since she thought it was a very important part of a first-year sociology course.

The results of the first quiz were not good—not only did students do poorly on the questions about the nature of sociology and its role in understanding human behavior, but they also did not score well on the factual questions. Some students even complained that she hadn’t covered what was on the quiz and that they had no idea how to study for it.

Taken from Laureate Education Inc. (2014)

How should an instructor approach a course whose syllabus has already been planned by a colleague that cannot teach that class anymore? This is the situation of the sociology teacher presented in the case provided before. Though his/her colleague can be a well-known professor with ample experience in their field, it does not mean that both of them approach teaching in the very same way. In other words, one cannot take for granted that two individuals (faculty members, in this case) will plan and structure student learning alike.

Though a course syllabus had been prepared, would one plan instructional goals and instruments likewise if compared to a colleague teaching the same course? A not very elaborate answer can be stated over here since no single instructor would plan the very same identically. Assuming that one can use a colleague’s syllabus does not guarantee success in teaching and in students learning. Had the sociology professor considered this simple issue at the beginning, the instructor would have made necessary modifications to suit his/her teaching and planning style to benefit deep learning among the class members. Bearing in mind that the teaching process is indeed a complex one and that no instructor will probably plan instructional goals similarly can guarantee that we can have all learners work on the same learning objectives and learn the same concepts to be applied in meaningful contexts.

Another important issue to consider in this case sample, which is also applicable to one’s teaching, is the use of schema in teaching. All students come into one’s classrooms with lots of prior knowledge and former experiences, and all of this information background that humans have can be detrimental in learning. Had our sociology professor activated learners’ prior knowledge, the teacher would have been able to create new connections in the students’ experiences and would have assisted them in building more knowledge. Some sort of previewing technique at the beginning of the sessions could have yielded some more positive results when summative assessments were applied and checked. From my teaching experience in and out of college education, this link between individuals’ prior knowledge and what they need to learn is vital to produce deep learning.

Clear goals, learning outcomes, and teacher and students’ expectations need to be set at the very start of a course. A course outline is not just a set of goals that need to be met by the end of a term, it is a contract that we faculty members must comply with to produce deep and long-lasting learning among learners. A course outline is not written on stone and can be modified to suit one’s teaching style and pupils’ learning preferences. Modifying outline content and expectations by means of a learning outcomes taxonomy such as Bloom’s or Fink’s Taxonomy is a must since we want students to replicate certain behaviors and use knowledge in other different contexts to produce a certain effect to prompt learners to think critically and –why not- out of the box.



Laureate Education Inc. (n.d.). Certificate in Higher Education: Module 1. [Online Certificate].

TeachThought.Com. (2013). Bloom’s Taxonomy. [Infographic]. Retrieved on 2014, Sept. 21 from http://www.teachthought.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/04/BloomsTaxonomySized.jpg



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Sunday, September 21, 2014



Online Engagement in VLEs: A Short Reflection on Cooperative Learning

Education and Learning, Hybrid and Blended Learning, Learning, Online Instruction, online learning, Online Teaching Practices, VLE, VLEs 0 comments


Online Engagement in VLEs:
A Short Reflection on Cooperative Learning

There are intrinsic challenges related to student-centered learning in an online course. In addition, designing and redesigning activities to promote collaborative learning is also demanding. But even though, it is quite well understood that this learning philosophy is extremely important in today’s education; there are certain things that we instructors must keep in the lookout.

Among the challenges one can anticipate while facilitating a student-centered, autonomous activity in one’s current or future online course, instructors must understand what formal cooperative learning entitles.

1.   Making pre-instructional decisions: Several decisions need to be made by the teacher before s/he asks the class to break up into small groups to fulfill a task. This is not just a random organization of students; learners have to be thoughtfully grouped.

2.   Explaining the cooperative nature of the exercise: The teacher must explain the learning objective to achieve and how students can succeed in its completion by working cooperatively. Cooperation implies a joint effort to succeed, not individual work.

3.   Monitoring and assistance through the process: The instructor is present through the process to assist and keep track of what is or is not happening to provide feedback that can lead to success. Students do not have to feel lonely.

4.   Final assessment for the whole process and group: This needs to highlight the individual and group accountability for the completion and quality of the task and its result. The idea behind cooperative learning is to facilitate the building of knowledge by at least two people.

Without the cooperation of students in class, it will be very difficult to achieve any kind of cooperative learning in an online teaching setting. The fittest students are the ones who can cooperatively work together towards the achievement of learning outcomes that benefit the groups and their members, not vice versa where members benefit themselves without helping others learn.



Johnson, D. & Johnson, R. (n.d.) An Overview of Cooperative Learning. Retrieved on May, Sat 10, Cooperative Learning Institute Interaction Book Company Website: http://www.co-operation.org/home/introduction-to-cooperative-learning/



? To fully comprehend the scope of this teaching reflections, it is highly advisable that the following topics must be expanded further:
·         Understanding Virtual Learning Environments (VLEs)
·         Autonomous Learning Vs. Cooperative Learning
·         Types of Cooperative Learning
·         Steps Towards Cooperative Learning



Professor Jonathan Acuña-Solano
ELT Trainer, Instructor & Curriculum Developer based in Costa Rica
Active NCTE – Costa Rica Member
Resource Teacher & Curricular Developer at CCCN
Senior ELT Instructor at Universidad Latina, Costa Rica, since 1998
Contact Information:
Twitter @jonacuso
Email: jonacuso@gmail.com



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Article published on Sunday, May 11, 2014

How to quote this blog entry:

Acuña, J. (2014, May 11). Online Engagement in VLEs: A Short Reflection on Cooperative Learning. Retrieved from Reflective Online Teaching Website: http://reflective-online-teaching.blogspot.com/2014/05/online-engagement-in-vles-short.html

Online Engagement in VLEs.pdf by Jonathan Acuña




Sunday, May 11, 2014



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