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Showing posts with label Andragogy. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Andragogy. Show all posts

In What Type of Classroom do you Feel More Comfortable During Your Professional Practice?

Andragogy, Higher Education, Leadership, Nonviolent Communication, Reflective Teaching, Teaching Practices 0 comments


In What Type of Classroom do you Feel More Comfortable During Your Professional Practice?
What my feline eye is telling me about my teaching

By Prof. Jonathan Acuña-Solano, M. Ed.
School of English
Faculty of Social Sciences
Universidad Latina de Costa Rica
Thursday, November 10, 2016
Post 306

          When I was asked this question regarding my preference for a type of classroom where I feel more comfortable and do my teaching, I immediately tried to detach myself from the regular, common sense of evaluation that we get trapped in. As once stated by Dr. Rosenberg (2005), “when we combine observation with evaluation, others are apt to hear criticism and resist what we are saying;” being misunderstood while expressing an opinion is not my idea to tell my readers what my preference in teaching is. For this reason, and following Rosenberg’s (2005) recommendation, “observations are to be made specific to time and context,” instead of simply using adjectives to describe current experiences that merely represent forms of evaluation.

          In regards to the type of classroom I feel more comfortable during my current professional practice, I must say that it all depends on what I have to teach. As a faculty member at Universidad Latina in Costa Rica, I feel quite comfortable with my F2F courses, the ones I have successfully modified to follow a hybrid learning orientation due to its Web-enhanced content and learning activities. From an instructional design point of view, and with my curriculum design training, teaching this F2F courses has helped me to incorporate technology use in the courses I teach and has helped learners transition to a more blended learning orientation in their higher education. And my adaptations have benefited a very important population that is sitting in my classrooms, the WASs, people who have found my course structure suitable for their needs and “lack” of time to study and develop their learning tasks. And in dealing with working adult students (WASs), I feel quite comfortable in seeing them gaining confidence and mastering new content and concepts. And as a leader for my learners in F2F settings, I try to increase “the likelihood that [students] will hear [my] intended message” (Rosenberg, 2005) rather than criticism and will not resist my teaching.

          Though I feel comfortable teaching in a physical classroom, I have developed –in the last two years- a fascination for VLEs (virtual learning environments). As an online instructor for Laureate Faculty Development, I have been online with them to quench my curiosity and desire to teach in this other learning context. Dealing with faculty members of all possible Laureate Universities, which means that I have only WASs or WFASs (Working Faculty Adult Students), one gets to witness the importance of understanding the working learners’ behavior, needs, and the like beyond the state of evaluation. As our students in a F2F classroom need our social, teaching, and cognitive presence to feel they are part of a learning community, the same applies to a VLE. And working adult learners are not the exception to this rule either; they also need another approach to their learning that includes our social, teaching, and cognitive presence without moralistic evaluations.

          As a college professor and as an online instructor, I base myself on observations and analysis of data rather than jumping into a direct evaluation of my students. By working on any of the two contexts, I feel quite comfortable and ready to help my learners develop new skills for their jobs. As pointed out by Dr. Rosenberg (2005) while explaining observations in Nonviolent Communication (NVC), “observations are an important element in NVC, where we wish to clearly and honestly express how we are” to our students (WASs or traditional learners). And though “NVC does not mandate that we remain completely objective and refrain from evaluating” (Rosenberg, 2005), it helps us focus on assisting learners to work on their construction of knowledge; judging learners because they are away from a virtual classroom or the LMS or because they are not complying with coursework without inquiring on what situation they are undergoing or what is preventing them from participating actively is irresponsible. The fun of teaching is to see students becoming independent and ready to learn on their own.

          Based on these two trends in my teaching nowadays, leadership in a VLE or in a F2F classroom is essential for learning and student motivation. As a F2F or VLE instructor, I can say that my leadership style is combination of feature, contingent, and   transformational with lots of NVC (Nonviolent Communication). I do not think a leader teacher or Andragogical educator can solely follow a single leadership style, but s/he is a combination of them. Additionally, an instructor cannot exercise his/her leadership if s/he depends solely on evaluations and not on observations. As a feature leader I intend to instill high energy levels in my university learners. Moreover, I feel I can help my students cope with stress, make use of their maturity levels, self-confidence, and integrity. However, I have to improve my feature leadership to fully incorporate traditional learners who have no work experience.

          As an Andragogical contingent and transformational leader teacher, WASs and traditional learners need to be aided to achieve success by seasoning with lots of Nonviolent Communication (NVC). As a contingent leader, my teaching orientation is needed to get better results from my learners by observing their behavior and provide them with criticism that is specific to time and context. My teacher/student relationship can yield positive results with a tinge of encouragement where all of us work on moving away from evaluations because as “the Indian philosopher J. Krishnamurti once remarked,” “observing without evaluating is the highest form of human intelligence” (Rosenberg, 2005). For this reason, I must make sure that learning tasks and explanation account for various learning styles to benefit both types of learner in my classrooms with lots of NVC. As a transformational leadership instructor, I must prepare learners to adapt themselves to the new learning circumstances, especially when coming back to college after several years (WASs) or when they are facing college life for the first time in life. Through this I -the instructor- can provide my learners self-assurance and tolerance when facing uncertainty with lots of respect. But I must learn how to discern from uncertainty when it comes to compare both types of learners in a classroom: traditional vs. WASs. Do both of them need the same kind of transformational leadership? No doubt, education is a complex and fascinating science that helps us see how the human being learns when being part of a community of learning.

          No matter what kind of teaching context I feel more comfortable in, it is imperative that teaching is focused on the learner not on what it is convenient for me. Teaching needs to be addressed with a combination of leadership styles to cater for all differences in the classroom in terms of the ways students learn. And it is way too important to avoid any kind of moralistic judgment or evaluation unless one is prepared to do so with the correct context, circumstances, and time frame.

Reference

Rosenberg, M. (2005). Nonviolent Communication A Language of Life. Encinitas, CA: PuddleDancer Press.


Thursday, November 10, 2016



In Search for Comprehending Learning Attitudes

Andragogy, Higher Education, WAS 0 comments

Photograph contributed by Fernando Carranza and taken in Honduras, CA

In Search for Comprehending Learning Attitudes
Embrace Differences and Help College Learners Succeed

By Prof. Jonathan Acuña-Solano, M. Ed.
School of English
Faculty of Social Sciences
Universidad Latina de Costa Rica
Sunday, October 16, 2016
Post 301

          As a language teaching professional with 20 years of experience in higher education settings, trying to understand college students’ learning attitudes has been a real challenge. Coming from a very different teaching scenario (a bi-national center sponsored by the US Embassy) before I started teaching English at the university level was not exactly the experience needed to deal with language trainees in university classrooms. Time has been a very persistent and eloquent trainer for me and for many of my colleagues; it has taught us lots of lessons when one intends to understand traditional learners and working adult students’ attitudes towards their learning in higher education.

          To try to fully comprehend learners in higher education, their attitudes need to be isolated and compared. Working adult students (WASs) are very much different from the traditional learner who is coming to college for the first time in their lives, usually with no work experience. Any student needs to be understood based on his/her knowledge and abilities, self-concept, expectations, needs, and attitudes. All learners present a very interesting symbiosis of elements that make them unique and different; this implies embracing all the diversity that can coexist in a classroom with respect and admiration.

in search for comprehending learning attitudes chart from jonacuso

          The panorama of higher education can be better understood when one is aware of learners’ attitudes towards learning. Traditional learners and working adult students differ substantially, but this does not mean they cannot coexist in a classroom. Having WASs mentor traditional students while developing projects is one of the best ways for adult learners to see how they can also guide newbies into the working world they live in on a daily basis. As an instructor in higher education one is exercising different leadership trends that can help WASs develop their potential and can help other learners to construct their knowledge for the working life to come.

          To conclude, do analyze learners in your higher education teaching context to have a better understanding of what your students are and what they expect from their education (and from you). Self-evaluate what you understand and see in each of their attitudes:
-      Knowledge and abilities,
-      Self-concept,
-      Expectations,
-      Needs, and
-      Attitudes.

Comprehending each point and how they relate to learners will help you develop a more thorough understanding of who is sitting in class waiting to be guided towards their construction of knowledge.


Sunday, October 16, 2016



Spotting differences Between Andragogic Instructors & Traditional Teachers

Andragogy, Higher Education, WAS 0 comments

Taken from http://www.woodixtoys.com/nl/gratis-vind-de-10-verschillen-spel-dinosaurus-hadrosaurus-3

Spotting differences Between Andragogic Instructors & Traditional Teachers

By Prof. Jonathan Acuña-Solano, M. Ed.
School of English
Faculty of Social Sciences
Universidad Latina de Costa Rica
Wednesday, October 12, 2016
Post 299


          Andragogic instruction differs greatly from the traditional teaching that faculty members have when dealing with students who have recently graduated from a high school. Several of the college traditional instructors I know do stick so much to a course program that there is little room for changes, upgrades, or additional topics to cover to favor working adult students (WASs). As part of my intention to better comprehend faculty members’ teaching beliefs, several colleagues of various fields of expertise were shortly interviewed. After analyzing data collected on instructors’ behavior and attitudes while talking to their students (WASs and traditional learners), four different aspect of their teaching popped up as striking differences in their discourse and in their way of delivering their classes and the content of the course: 1) How each one is meant to promote learning among their students, 2) their relationship with their pupils, 3) the setting of learning goals around the program provided by the university, and 4) the strategies to be employed to satisfy learners’ immediate needs.
         
          In order to understand the four different aspects revealed by instructors’ answers during the analysis of their answers, the following chart with commonalities has been designed for a better understanding of these criteria. The four different pieces of criteria are mentioned and a correlation with both types of faculty members is made for each type.

Andragogic instructors vs. traditonal educator from jonacuso

          Though the first instructors, Mr. Traditional-Pedagogic Educators, were quite confident in their answers, they were meant to promote some sort of animosity among the group member due to its narrow-mindedness in term of content expansion and learning strategy provision to their learners. Though a course outline does include present standards demanded by the university, it is not meant to be written on stone and not to be slightly or amply changed to suit the diversity of needs present in a group of traditional learners and WASs. This narrow-minded perspective of course content is bound to trigger a “negative” atmosphere surrounding the instructors who look like not meaning to use suitable strategies for adult learners or really challenging goals for the course participants. Students’ immediate needs are not meant to be satisfied by this type of teaching professional. In the eyes of the learners, the need for Mr. Andragogic WAS Instructors is present.

          An Andragogic orientation in our college teaching is needed in spite of the different areas of expertise we have. Its absence can simply turn a course into a useless, boring one for many traditional learners and WASs. For this reason, take a look at the following suggestions and questions to have ourselves mull over some good answers.

Andragogic orientation in college teaching from jonacuso

          As seen throughout this blog entry, Andragogic teaching is a fascinating field, but we faculty members need to be smart enough to get the best from our students and provide them with what they really need to become competent and autonomous. Here you were also provided with various suggestions to make you come up with more to be very efficient in your WAS teaching and creation of assignments for them and for traditional learners. In terms of didactics you were also given other recommendations to help adult learners get to develop deep learning that can have a long-lasting effect in their professional lives. Understanding all these differences can prepare you and your peers to face the challenge to help working adult students to develop their own knowledge, skills, and competences.


Wednesday, October 12, 2016



Andragogy and its Contributions to Higher Education

Andragogy, Education and Learning, Higher Education 0 comments

Structural scheme of adult education and adult learning
Taken from http://www.andragogy.net/

Andragogy and its Contributions to Higher Education

By Prof. Jonathan Acuña-Solano, M. Ed.
School of English
Faculty of Social Sciences
Universidad Latina de Costa Rica
Wednesday, September 28, 2016
Post 297

          “Knowles’ theory of Andragogy is an attempt to develop a theory specifically for adult learning” (Andragogy (Malcolm Knowles), 2015). In higher educational contexts and teaching scenarios, it has been well understood that working adult students (WASs) and traditional learners cannot be taught in the very same way. “Knowles emphasizes that adults are self-directed and expect to take responsibility for decisions” (Andragogy (Malcolm Knowles), 2015). Those decisions Knowles talks about are connected to how they perceive themselves in term of knowledge and abilities, self-concept, expectations, needs, and attitudes towards their academic life and how much they have learned empirically at their workplaces. “Adult learning programs must accommodate this fundamental aspect” (Andragogy (Malcolm Knowles), 2015) of Andragogy to their study programs and to the corresponding training that needs to be provided to their faculty members.

          As pointed out before, faculty members need to comprehend that WASs are quite different from the regular traditional learners. “Andragogy makes the following assumptions about the design of learning: (1) Adults need to know why they need to learn something, (2) Adults need to learn experientially, (3) Adults approach learning as problem-solving, and (4) Adults learn best when the topic is of immediate value” (Andragogy (Malcolm Knowles), 2015). This is the way WASs are expecting to be taught by their instructors, and to better understand the relationship of these four assumptions, the infographic summary below has been prepared.

          The idea behind this simple infographic summary is to always keep in mind the four basic principles in WASs’ education. “Adults need to be involved in the planning and evaluation of their instruction” (Andragogy [Malcolm Knowles], 2015). Opposed to the common belief where the traditional learners do not get “involved” in how they are going to be taught, WASs have an active participation on “the planning and evaluation of their instruction” since they come to class ready to acquire knowledge that can be quite practical for their day-to-day office tasks. WASs also contribute with the expansion of contents that courses in higher education offer due to the concrete needs that they have in their corporate positions; besides, they also participate in the ways they can be graded to demonstrate how they can handle new information but applied to their current jobs. This is quite different to what we commonly expect from the traditional students who lack this dynamism imported to class by WASs.

Understanding the Working Adult Learners, Created by Prof. Jonathan Acuña-Solano
[Click picture to enlarge.]

          “Experience (including mistakes) provides the basis for learning activities” (Andragogy [Malcolm Knowles], 2015). Comprehending the prevalent dynamism in WASs’ way of learning, any knowledge-building activity needs to be rooted in their empirical experience(s) gained while at work. Since WASs’ maturity allows them to self-direct them and self-control their learning in terms of content and time, they need to be provided the chance to exercise their horizontality in learning. Problem-based and project-based tasks are ideal for them especially when learning activities are addressing common problems faced by them while doing what it is expected from them but efficiently and effectively. And as noted before, WASs come to class with empirical skills developed at work and that need to be transformed into competencies, and all these can be achieved by allowing them to exercise their prior knowledge in what they are accustomed to doing.

          “Adults are most interested in learning subjects that have immediate relevance to their job or personal life” (Andragogy [Malcolm Knowles], 2015). WASs greatly rely on their former working experiences to deal with the content of courses, projects, and so on. If course learning is aimed at interesting them, it needs to be grounded on hands-on experiences that have a direct impact on what they do at work, either by clarifying them processes or by giving them extra ideas of how to face those processes. WASs want to see that what they learn have an immediate use in what they have to perform at work. Traditional learners are not exactly made this way, and they simply received knowledge to be later on used in their future jobs sience they lack “immediate relevance” to their lives or even studies. These learning experinces targeted at helping WASs develop themselves are not quite productive for traditional learners whose expectations are merely in the creation of skills that can be used in their future positions.

          Finally, “adult learning is problem-centered rather than content-oriented”  (Andragogy [Malcolm Knowles], 2015). WASs use new information to carry out tasks more efficiently at work, not later on in life. That is why they need to be challenged with problems they may face regularly at work; in this way, they can come to exercise all they have gained in their workplaces to find sensible solutions to what they are confronted with. WASs come to our classrooms with lots of empirical knowledge and skills developed solely at work and that –by means of our guidance- need to become competencies. Content orientation in teaching is not for these kinds of learners; it works pretty well with traditional learners. However this latter type of students need to be also taught in this way, too.

          The true Andragogic facilitator needs to “design didactic situation that allow adults to meet new self-realization possibilities”  (Laureate Education Inc., n.d.). If this is not properly met, dissatisfaction is going to be present in every WAS in a higher education classroom. “The Andragogic Facilitator will accept and value every student as a complete person, will respect their ideas and thoughts” (Laureate Education Inc., n.d.). This respect for the kind of individual each WAS is can provide the instructor with room to successfully create a learning community where the exchange of data and the sharing of experiences can help each and every one (including the instructor) with real-life experiential learning activities to be later on adopted and adapted to enhace their working perfomance to more efficient standards.

References

Andragogy (Malcolm Knowles). (2015). Retrieved from InstructionalDesign.Org: http://www.instructionaldesign.org/theories/andragogy.html


Laureate Education Inc. (n.d.). Understanding the Working Adult Student. Obtenido de Laureate Faculty Development: http://global.laureate.net


Wednesday, September 28, 2016



The Road Less Traveled by: The Pedagogic Educator vs. the Andragogical Instructor

Andragogy, Higher Education, WAS 0 comments

Photograph taken in Honduras, CA and Contributed by Fernando Carranza

The Road Less Traveled by:
The Pedagogic Educator vs. the Andragogical Instructor

By Prof. Jonathan Acuña-Solano, M. Ed.
School of English
Faculty of Social Sciences
Universidad Latina de Costa Rica
Thursday, September 22, 2016
Post 295

          At this point of my teaching 20-year-old teaching career in higher education, I am still very uncertain of what it is actually believed by many of my colleagues at the private university setting where I have been working for the last 18 years of my faculty member life. Don’t take me wrong since I am not saying that my partners are now knowledgeable of what a pedagogic or Andragogical educator is and how they teach, but what is not clear to me is how teaching, and in turn –learning-, is taking place in the classrooms and in all courses, especially the ones at night, where the Working adult learners abound? Are colleagues of mine still sticking to pedagogic principles or walking the Andragogical less-traveled path in education?

          Understanding that as instructors we can find traditional students in class as well as working adult students (WASs), professors must understand that both types of learners are coming with different expectations to their classrooms. How content, success, learning demands, dependence for learning, construction of learning, application of what is learned, learning organization, and motivation manifest in the two types of students needs to be carefully thought of and proper actions need to be chosen to satisfy both types of learners in the construction of their knowledge, skills, and competences. And when we faculty members analyze the principles of horizontality and participation for WASs, we also need to make decisions to benefit both kinds of students co-existing in our teaching scenarios as well.
         
          Once, when talking about teaching scenarios, Malcolm Knowles (1984) stated that the definitions of Andragogy, pedagogy and Andragogy are not excluding one another:

"These definitions do not imply that children should be taught pedagogically and adults andragogically. Both terms only make a distinction between two sets of concepts about the students; the educator who adopts one of these groups of concepts will teach pedagogically, whether he/she works with children or with adults; and the one who adopts the other group will do so andragogically, whether the students are adults or children" (Knowles, 1984).

The importance behind Knowles’s explanation is that comprehending that learners such as WASs come to the classroom better equipped with lots of experience from the marketplace and jobs than traditional learners. And though traditional students may be lacking all this (workplace-related) schemata that can allow them to see their learning differently and helping them go in different directions while making them construct their own learning, they can also profit from their WASs counterparts. Learning can be more engaging and fun if the less-traveled road is walked by these two types of individuals.

          To have a better understanding of both teaching and learning scenarios, here you are presented with a chart that typifies pedagogy, Andragogy, and where both educational theories overlap. Several learning features are analyzed and hopefully you can come up with more overlapping areas that can help you and peers see the importance of accepting the challenge of teaching WASs along with traditional learners.

The pedagogic educator vs the andragogical educator from jonacuso

To understand the principles of horizontality and participation in Andragogy and directly linked to WASs, I would like to share –at this point- two different situations I faced at work with a working adult students\, which I think are wonderful examples that can be used for some good reflective teaching:

At the higher institution where I work, I often have learners who have been working as English teachers empirically for years. Last term I had this 45-year-old gentleman who had been working for over 15 years as an educator. In class discussions and during my lectures, his interventions went beyond the textbook but into his experiences and his maturity as a seasoned language instructor who was simply lacking his teaching degree. These are beyond any reasonable doubt horizontality in action and its fullest expression. My student assumed his learning process in a self-directed and self-controlled way; his maturity and experience stood out in his construction of learning and how the new information could be incorporated to his future teaching to better work in his high school.

No doubt my student demonstrated his horizontality predisposition in class, but also showed his active and meaningful participation. His level of critical thinking, active intervention, dialogue, interaction with peers and me, the instructor, stood out from the crowd of neophytes intending to digest information to become competent educators in the future. My male student showed his horizontality and participation that increased his expectations for learning beyond the course boundaries and the minimum requested in course outlines at our university.

          To sum up, having a good understanding of what a WAS is can help any faculty member in many different ways as stated in the chart shared in this blog post to travel the teaching road less traveled by. There are overlapping areas where the traditional learner and the WAS have a similar educational orientation, but there are other areas that are not the same at all and deserve the instructor’s attention. And when one gets to the horizontality and participation principles, these two kinds of learners can be quite different and both need to be taken care in class to guide them towards learning.

Reference

Knowles, M. (1984). The Adult Learner: A Neglected Species (3rd Ed.). Houston, TX: Gulf Publishing.



Thursday, September 22, 2016



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