Introduction

In literature, characters who grapple with identity and the discovery of their true nature often find themselves in situations that blur the line between reality and illusion. H.P. Lovecraft’s (1936) The Outsider, Mary Shelley’s (2008) Frankenstein, and Calderón de la Barca’s (1980) Life is a Dream present three such characters: the unknown narrator, the Creature, and Segismundo. Despite their vastly different contexts and literary traditions, these characters share striking similarities in their isolation, their confrontation with self, and the existential crises that ensue. Through their struggles, these works explore profound questions about identity, beauty, and fate, inviting readers to reflect on the fragile nature of human self-perception.

1. Isolation and Imprisonment

●       Segismundo: Imprisoned from birth due to a prophecy that foretold he would bring chaos and destruction, Segismundo grows up confined in a tower. His only company is his jailer, Clotaldo, and he knows nothing of the outside world. Segismundo "was placed in prison when his father, the king Basilio, learned of a prophecy that his son would grow up and become an evil, tyrannical ruler" (Boyd, 2013). This physical isolation not only limits his knowledge of life but also skews his understanding of human nature, making him react violently when given a taste of freedom. The tower, a symbol of his captivity, represents the psychological prison of ignorance and unfulfilled potential that he inhabits. His eventual release from the tower forces him to confront the prophecy and his inner nature, leading to his journey of self-discovery and moral growth.

●       The Narrator: The unknown narrator of The Outsider lives in what he believes is an underground crypt or castle, cut off from the world and devoid of human contact. In MacDonald (2018) adaptation, the narrator reflects, “I do not know where I was born, only that I lived in a castle that was infinitely old and infinitely horrible.” This bleak, decaying environment heightens his ignorance, not only of the outside world but also of his own appearance. His isolation is both physical and existential, creating a void where he has no social framework to develop a coherent sense of self. This lack of identity haunts him, and his surroundings—marked by darkness and decay—become a metaphor for his psychological confinement. His eventual escape from this subterranean prison only deepens his tragedy, as he discovers that he is a grotesque being, utterly alienated from the humanity he so desperately longs to be a part of. The revelation of his true nature, far from liberating him, plunges him into an even greater despair, as he realizes that he will forever remain an outsider.

●       The Creature: The Creature in Frankenstein is isolated not by physical confinement but by the profound rejection he faces from society. After being abandoned by his creator, Victor Frankenstein, the Creature is left to navigate a world that recoils from him due to his terrifying appearance. His isolation is not only physical but emotional, as his desire for companionship is repeatedly thwarted. This social alienation becomes the core of his suffering, as he learns through observation that he is fundamentally different from humans, who fear and loathe him. His longing for connection, as Hogg (2023) describes, mirrors basic human needs: “The creature's first concern is meeting and managing his bodily needs, just as a human would. His next desire is companionship, which is denied to him by the first old man he meets (105) and the first village he enters, from which he is chased by stones and other projectiles (106).” As the Creature becomes more aware of his isolation, his loneliness evolves into a thirst for revenge, leading him down a path of violence and despair, as he recognizes that he will never be accepted by the world he admires from afar.

2. The Role of Literature and Learning

●       Segismundo's understanding of the world is severely limited by his isolation, yet he remains keenly observant of human behavior, even within his confined environment. When he is finally released from the tower and briefly tastes freedom, his actions, driven by his lack of social experience and conditioning, become violent and uncontrolled. At court, "dressed like a prince," “Clotaldo reveals his true identity and warns him of the dire prophecy surrounding his future, hoping to correct his behavior” (Encyclopedia.com, n.d.). However, these efforts are in vain. Lacking any social conditioning, Segismundo reacts violently, highlighting the Renaissance concern with the balance between nature and nurture—whether a man can transcend his baser instincts without proper education and guidance.

●       The Narrator of The Outsider has spent his isolation immersed in books, which shape his understanding of beauty and normalcy. However, these texts, likely remnants of a long-lost civilized world, do nothing to prepare him for the harsh reality of his own existence when he finally comes face to face with the world he has longed to see. As (Katherine, 2017) notes, “Our unseen narrator lives in the most undiluted form of loneliness, reading about a world he has never experienced. Fueled by a desire to join this written world, he escapes his solitary confinement, only to find those he encounters terrorized by a monstrous behemoth.” When he steps into the outside world, the contrast between the idealized visions from his readings, his appreciation of illustrations of people, and the horrifying truth of his own form is shocking. His literary education, once a source of hope and understanding, becomes a cruel irony, as it only deepens his despair upon realizing that he is the very antithesis of the beauty and humanity he so admired. In the end, the narrator is confronted by one of life’s most bitter ironies.

●       The Creature in Frankenstein educates himself by secretly observing a family and reading books such as Paradise Lost, Plutarch's Lives, and The Sorrows of Young Werther. These texts shape his understanding of morality, beauty, and society, but they also fill him with anguish when he realizes he can never attain the ideals they describe. As Medium (2023) notes, “Initially portrayed as a hideous monster, the Creature evolves into a complex character who yearns for acceptance and understanding. Shelley explores the nature vs. nurture debate through the Creature’s development, highlighting society’s role in shaping one’s morality.” His knowledge of morality and beauty and his understanding of society become a source of profound pain, as it makes him painfully aware of his deformity and the impossibility of finding a place in the world where he is accepted despite his deformity and ugliness. His readings, while enriching, also fuel his desire for vengeance, particularly against Victor Frankenstein, whom he blames for his suffering.

3. Struggle with Identity

●       Segismundo: Upon his release from the tower, Segismundo is suddenly exposed to the world, prompting him to question his identity and place in it. Years of confinement have left his sense of self fragile and unstable, and he struggles with the temptation to succumb to the tyrannical behavior foretold in the prophecy. As Basilio, his father, “wants to give his son one chance to disprove destiny, he releases Segismundo from the tower. However, instead of proving the prophecy wrong, Segismundo goes on a violent rampage, forcing Basilio to swiftly lock him back up” (Edinburgh International Festival, 2023). It is in this moment of return to imprisonment that we truly understand Segismundo’s journey as a metaphor for the human condition. He grapples with the duality of his nature—noble, yet capable of great cruelty—and faces the existential question of whether he is bound by fate or can rise above it.

●       The Narrator: The unknown narrator's struggle with identity in The Outsider is both literal and metaphorical, as it encapsulates his journey toward self-awareness and alienation. His physical appearance, a mystery even to himself until the story’s chilling climax, becomes the defining element that separates him from humanity. Unaware of the monstrous form he inhabits, the narrator's internal self-image is shaped by his long isolation, leaving him to believe that he is like any other person. However, the pivotal moment of self-discovery occurs when he gazes into a mirror and is confronted with the horrifying truth: he is the creature that others fear and flee from. As Vazh (2023) notes, “What the narrator realizes is that the hideous creature that had sent the nobles running was, in fact, himself. The creature glaring at him was his reflection in the mirror.” This devastating realization not only shatters his previous illusions but also solidifies his status as a permanent outsider. It marks a point of no return, where the gulf between his inner identity and his outward appearance becomes irreconcilable. This moment strips him of any remaining hope of acceptance or belonging in the human world, forcing him to embrace the grim fate of eternal isolation and otherness.

●       The Creature: The Creature in Frankenstein inhabits a liminal space between life and death, human and monster, creation and creator, embodying the novel’s exploration of identity and alienation. His struggle to define himself is deeply intertwined with his rejection by the world around him. Although he yearns for acceptance and belonging, the Creature is painfully aware of the stark divide between his desire for connection and the reality of his existence. As Liu (2021) notes, “The monster doesn’t find identity in the human world. He realizes that humans are kind, but not to him. He is destined to be alienated from their circle of friendly relations” (p. 154) This poignant observation captures the essence of the Creature’s identity crisis, as his attempts to integrate into human society are continually thwarted by his appearance and origin. Lacking a name, family, or any meaningful ties to society, the Creature is denied the basic markers of human identity, which exacerbates his feelings of isolation. His journey becomes a tragic exploration of what it means to be human, as he desperately seeks to define himself in a world that refuses to recognize his humanity. The Creature’s existential plight highlights the fragility of identity when it is dependent on external validation, underscoring the deep tragedy of his existence as an outsider, eternally trapped between the boundaries of human and inhuman.

4. Confrontation with Reality

●       Segismundo: When Segismundo is drugged and returned to the tower, he awakens with the belief that his brief experience of freedom was nothing more than a fleeting dream. This moment marks a crucial turning point in Life is a Dream, where Segismundo grapples with the idea that everything he had just lived—his taste of liberty, his interactions with others, and his glimpse of power—was illusory. He bitterly accuses his father of being a “tyrant” who has cruelly robbed him of his freedom, yet Basilio insists that Segismundo is still dreaming, further blurring the lines between reality and illusion. As LitCharts (n.d.) notes, “he calls his father a ‘tyrant’ who has robbed him of his liberty and freedom, and Basilio, too, tells Segismundo that he is only dreaming.” This moment forces Segismundo into a confrontation with the fragile nature of his own reality. The distinction between dream and waking life becomes indistinguishable, leaving him to question not only his experiences but the very nature of existence itself. This tension between illusion and reality is a central theme in Life is a Dream, reflecting the play’s broader philosophical exploration of whether life itself is nothing more than a dream. Segismundo’s struggle encapsulates the play's meditation on the uncertainty and impermanence of human experience, where the boundaries between what is real and what is imagined are perpetually in flux.

●       The Narrator: The narrator of The Outsider faces a jarring confrontation with reality when he finally escapes his underground prison and enters a world teeming with light and life. Up until this moment, his entire understanding of the world—and himself—has been shaped by the grand, leather-bound tomes that fill the castle’s library, creating an insular and distorted sense of reality. As Vazh (2023) aptly points out, “everything he knows about the world and himself comes from the impressive leather-bound tomes that line the pages of the castle’s library.” His newfound freedom, however, quickly transforms into a nightmare when he discovers that he does not belong to this vibrant world at all. Instead, he is a “grotesque” figure, a creature of the darkness from which he emerged. The horrifying revelation of his true nature comes through a mirror, a symbol of cruel reality, reflecting his monstrous form—a form that is violently rejected by the world governed by conventional beauty and societal norms. This mirror not only shatters the illusions he had clung to about his identity but also forces him to confront the bleak truth that he is, and always will be, an outsider. This moment of revelation plunges the narrator into a state of existential despair, as he realizes that he is forever condemned to the isolation and darkness from which he sought to escape.

●       The Creature: The Creature's confrontation with reality unfolds gradually, yet its impact is no less devastating. As he ventures out and interacts with humans, he experiences a harsh truth—his appearance elicits nothing but fear and revulsion. Each encounter chips away at his hopes for companionship and acceptance, driving home the realization that his dream of belonging is nothing more than a fantasy. Liu (2021) captures the depth of this despair: “Driven by hate, he wants his creator to feel the same pain as he suffers. But even after Victor dies, the monster doesn’t find release from life. What’s waiting for him is endless loneliness.” The absence of a physical mirror in Frankenstein makes the Creature's self-perception all the more tragic; his understanding of who he is comes not from self-reflection, but from the negative reactions of those around him. His identity is constructed through the eyes of others, a society that views him as nothing more than a grotesque monstrosity. The pain of this rejection becomes central to his existence, fueling his anger and alienation. The Creature’s experience mirrors a form of social imprisonment, one where he is unable to escape the monstrous label imposed upon him by a world that denies him humanity.

5. Beauty as an Illusion

●       Segismundo: In Life is a Dream, beauty symbolizes the ideal of freedom and the rich human experience that has long been withheld from Segismundo. When he is finally allowed to taste this beauty, his brief exposure to the world outside his prison reveals a deeper, more troubling truth—beauty is intertwined with the potential for cruelty, both in the world and within himself. The freedom he yearns for is tainted by the darker aspects of human nature, as his violent actions demonstrate. The illusion of beauty, both moral and physical, crumbles when Segismundo realizes that the world beyond the tower holds as much ugliness as the life of confinement he has always known. This internal conflict reflects one of the play’s central themes—the deceptive nature of human existence. The tension between beauty and reality drives home the broader philosophical question that Life is a Dream raises: is the world we perceive real, or is it merely an illusion? As Sinha (2023) points out, this tension “challenges our conventional understanding of what is real and what is an illusion, pushing us to question the very nature of our existence and the universe.” By the end of the play, Segismundo is left in a deeply contemplative state, grappling with the idea that his entire existence might be nothing more than an illusion. His journey is not just a political or social one, but a metaphysical exploration of the human condition, where beauty and reality are often at odds, and the line between truth and illusion remains elusive.

●       The Narrator: The unknown narrator’s understanding of beauty in The Outsider is shaped entirely by the books that have surrounded him in his isolated existence, likely filled with romanticized depictions of idealized humanity. These literary influences paint a picture of beauty as something noble, harmonious, and intimately tied to one's place in society. The narrator, having no real experience with the outside world, adopts these ideals as his own, believing in the inherent connection between outward beauty and inner worth. Sehar (2023) notes, “When people prioritize pretty faces over good hearts, we set ourselves up for disappointment and shallow relationships. Attractive individuals may catch our eye initially, but beauty alone cannot sustain a meaningful connection.” This is the very illusion the narrator clings to, assuming that beauty—once he encounters it—will offer him the companionship and belonging he craves. However, this romanticized concept is shattered in the most brutal way when he finally sees his own reflection. The horror he feels at his monstrous appearance, a grotesque antithesis of the beauty he had long imagined, plunges him into despair. Far from catching anyone’s eye, he is now aware that he cannot sustain even the most superficial of human connections. This painful revelation not only strips away the illusion of his potential to belong but also forces him to grapple with the idea that beauty, which he once thought was attainable and relatable, is in fact an unreachable ideal. He can observe beauty, long for it, but never possess it, leaving him forever an outsider—not just to society, but to the very human experience of connection and love.

●       The Creature: In Frankenstein, the Creature’s understanding of beauty is deeply influenced by the literature he reads and the observations he makes from afar. His exposure to works like Paradise Lost and The Sorrows of Young Werther fills him with a yearning for the beauty, love, and humanity he perceives in others. However, this longing is soon met with the harsh reality that these qualities are beyond his reach. Unlike the humans he observes, the Creature is repelled and rejected by society, not only because of his monstrous appearance but also due to the profound sense of otherness that marks his existence. For the Creature, beauty becomes a cruel illusion—an ideal that forever eludes him and serves as a painful reminder of his exclusion from the human world.

His despair deepens when he realizes that the kindness and compassion often associated with inner beauty are never extended to him. Sehar (2023) points out that “people with good hearts are more inclined to engage in acts of kindness, volunteerism, and activism,” but the Creature, despite his initial innocence and desire for connection, is denied these experiences. The kindness that “contributes to the betterment of the world and inspires others to do the same” (Sehar 2023) is not something he witnesses or receives. Isolated and devoid of any positive human interaction, the Creature’s initial longing for beauty and love curdles into bitterness. His growing sense of injustice, coupled with the realization that beauty is a symbol of everything he will never have, drives him to acts of vengeance. He seeks to destroy the beauty that taunts him, turning his rage on both his creator and the world that refuses to accept him. In this way, the Creature embodies the destructive power of unattainable ideals, where the yearning for something as pure as beauty can ultimately lead to violence and despair when that ideal remains forever out of reach.

6. The Shock of Self-Recognition

●       Segismundo: While Gow (2023) argues that “the ability to acknowledge one’s achievements, strengths, and personal growth is a cornerstone of a healthy self-esteem and overall well-being,” this process of self-recognition is a complex and painful journey for Segismundo. Unlike typical self-awareness that emerges from reflecting on one’s strengths, Segismundo's realization comes not through a mirror, but through witnessing the violent and tyrannical behavior he exhibits when briefly freed from his tower. The cruelty he unleashes on others horrifies him, forcing him to confront the prophecy that foretold his monstrous nature.

This moment of self-awareness marks a significant turning point. Segismundo begins to grapple with the question of whether he is destined to be the monster the prophecy predicts or if he holds the power to change his fate. His growing self-awareness becomes integral to his journey of personal growth, where he starts recognizing his capacity for wisdom and justice, rather than being driven purely by his basest instincts. This internal struggle ultimately guides him toward redemption, as he learns to temper his behavior and embrace the responsibility of his newfound freedom. The path Segismundo chooses—to act with restraint and wisdom—is a testament to the transformative power of self-awareness, allowing him to shape his destiny and, in turn, cultivate the self-esteem and growth that Gow (2023) refers to.

●       The Narrator: While Gow (2023) asserts that “self-recognition serves as a dynamic force propelling individuals toward continuous self-improvement,” the unknown narrator of The Outsider finds himself trapped in a reality devoid of meaningful connections, hindering his ability to self-recognize and understand his potential. His encounter with the real world proves shocking and devastating, particularly when he meets others beyond the confines of the books that have shaped his understanding. Upon finally catching a glimpse of his own reflection, he is confronted with the undeniable truth of his monstrous appearance as perceived by others. This moment serves as the culmination of his harrowing journey, where the illusions he clung to about his identity and place in the world are violently stripped away. The mirror becomes a powerful symbol of truth, reflecting not only his “grotesque” outward form but also the stark reality of his existence as an outsider, forever alienated from the world of the living. In this brutal confrontation with his true self, the narrator's hopes for belonging and acceptance shatter, leaving him in a state of existential despair and emphasizing the profound isolation that defines his being.

●       The Creature: In a world where external validation is often sought, Gow (2023) notes that “self-recognition provides a crucial internal validation of efforts and hard work. It reinforces the idea that one’s endeavors matter, irrespective of external opinions or acknowledgment.” Yet, from the outset, the Creature in Frankenstein grapples with the painful understanding that he will not receive recognition, even from his own creator, Dr. Frankenstein. His journey toward self-recognition is both gradual and excruciating, as he navigates a world that continually defines him through the lens of others’ perceptions. Unlike the narrator in The Outsider, the Creature lacks a moment of literal self-reflection in a mirror; instead, his identity is sculpted by the monstrous label imposed on him, overshadowing his feelings and aspirations. His shock arises from the devastating realization that, despite his intelligence and eloquence, he will always be judged by his outward appearance. This acute self-awareness not only deepens his isolation but also fuels his rage and desire for revenge, as he comes to see his creator, Victor Frankenstein, as the “ultimate architect” of his suffering and despair. The Creature's tragic struggle for acceptance underscores the profound impact of societal judgment on one's sense of self and the destructive consequences of unacknowledged existence.

7. The Influence of Fate

●       Segismundo: Gargarello (2023) states, “Destiny refers to the idea that every individual has a specific purpose or mission in life.” However, in Life is a Dream, fate plays a pivotal role in Segismundo’s existence, as he grapples with a life that feels devoid of a clear purpose or mission. The prophecy foretelling his potential for destruction acts as both a curse and a guiding force, shaping his actions and choices. Throughout the narrative, Segismundo struggles against this predetermined fate, striving to assert his free will and rise above the ominous destiny imposed upon him. His journey becomes one of profound self-discovery, revealing that while fate may influence his circumstances, it is ultimately his choices that define his identity. This tension between fate and free will serves as a central theme in the play, mirroring the broader human struggle to find meaning and agency in a world governed by seemingly arbitrary forces.

●       The Narrator: Gargarello (2023) notes, “The work of individuation is to make inner situations conscious and is a central theme of Jungian psychology. Individuation is awareness of one’s unique personality, strengths, and weaknesses.” In The Outsider, although fate is less overt, it is no less potent; the narrator’s fate appears to be sealed from the moment he emerges into the light and confronts the world. His profound isolation and eventual horror at his own monstrous appearance suggest a predestined path, one in which his identity as an outsider was always inevitable. Despite being aware of his unique personality and the strengths and weaknesses it entails, he remains trapped in a cycle of despair. The story's conclusion—where the narrator retreats back into darkness—underscores the idea that he cannot escape his fate as a creature of the night, forever separated from the beauty and vitality he longs to join, largely due to the absence of individuation within his character.

●       The Creature: Fate, or Moira, is defined as “the predetermined and inevitable course of events that shape the lives of gods, heroes, and mortals” (Russo, 2024). In Frankenstein, the Creature’s fate is inextricably linked to his creator, Victor Frankenstein. From the moment of his creation, he is condemned to a life of suffering and rejection, facing Moira “as an unchangeable force that governs the destiny of individuals” (Russo, 2024). Despite his desperate attempts to change his fate by seeking acceptance and companionship, these efforts are continually thwarted, compelling him to embrace the monstrous identity that society imposes upon him. The novel illustrates that while the Creature’s fate is shaped by Victor’s actions, it is also a product of societal norms that judge him solely by his appearance. The tragic irony lies in the fact that in his struggle to escape his predetermined fate, the Creature ultimately fulfills it, becoming the very monster that he was always feared to be.

8. Redemption and Acceptance

●       Segismundo: Segismundo’s path to redemption is a central theme in Life is a Dream. As Galbraith (2019) notes, “When Segismundo is released by his father, who tries to reinstate his son to his princely role and re-integrate him into society, Segismundo acts out enraged, violent, and vengeful”; in this moment, he seems to embody the monstrous figure foretold by prophecy. However, after confronting the darkness within himself, Segismundo begins a journey of self-awareness and transformation. When given a second chance at freedom, he consciously chooses wisdom and justice over vengeance. His decision to forgive his father and rule with compassion signifies that he has truly learned from his experiences. Segismundo’s redemption highlights the potential for personal growth and change, suggesting that even those seemingly destined for destruction can find a path to redemption if they choose to act with integrity. As Galbraith (2019) emphasizes, “The burden is on him to rehabilitate himself and learn how not to mirror the tyranny and abuse he’s been shown.”

●       The Narrator: Redemption for the narrator in The Outsider is elusive. After realizing his true nature, he retreats into the darkness, accepting his fate as an outsider. Unlike Segismundo, he does not find redemption through his self-awareness. Instead, he is consumed by it, becoming a ghostly figure who haunts the fringes of human society. His acceptance of his monstrous identity is both tragic and inevitable, as he resigns himself to a life of eternal isolation, where redemption is an impossibility. The narrator’s inability to redeem himself stems from his overwhelming focus on external validation rather than the internal reflection that could offer him some peace. As Lickerman (2011) suggests, if people focus on their acts’ “intentions rather than on their results (over which we rarely have complete control), we may learn we have nothing to regret at all,” yet this concept is unattainable for the narrator. His inability to detach from the judgment of others and see beyond his monstrous appearance traps him in a cycle of despair, where redemption remains forever out of reach.

●       The Creature: “Human beings are inherently neither good nor evil but display equal capacity for both” (Lickerman, 2011). In Frankenstein, the Creature’s quest for redemption is intertwined with his desire for companionship. He seeks acceptance from his creator and society, but when this is denied, he turns to revenge as a way to assert his power. The Creature’s final act of revenge—the murder of Victor’s loved ones—seals his fate as a monster, but it also represents his ultimate rejection of the possibility of redemption. As Lickerman (2011) argues, “to label anyone, even the most despicable of figures,” such as the Creature in Shelley’s Frankenstein, “as purely evil is to delude ourselves,” reminding readers of the complexity of human nature. The Creature’s actions, driven by both pain and longing, reflect the duality within him: he is not inherently evil but is shaped by the cruelty and rejection he faces. His final words, where he expresses a desire to die and end his suffering, suggest that he sees death as the only form of redemption left to him. The Creature’s tragic end highlights the destructive power of a world that refuses to acknowledge his humanity, forcing him into a role he was never meant to play.

Conclusion

The journeys of Segismundo in Life is a Dream by Pedro Calderón de la Barca, the unknown narrator in The Outsider by Howard Phillips Lovecraft, and the Creature in Frankenstein by Mary Wollstonecraft Shelley provide deep insights into the themes of identity, isolation, and the quest to understand one’s place in the world. Each of these characters faces a profound internal struggle, shaped by forces beyond their control—whether fate, societal expectations, or the consequences of their own actions. Segismundo’s path, though dark and filled with turmoil, ultimately leads to redemption. His ability to self-reflect and make conscious decisions allows him to rise above the violent prophecy that dictated his life, showing that free will and personal choice can reshape one's destiny. As Galbraith (2019) observes, "Life indeed seems a dream as we wake up every day to a new 'reality.'" His journey reveals that despite the cruelty of fate, there is always room for growth, change, and redemption.

In contrast, the unknown narrator and the Creature are tragically consumed by the realization of their true nature. Their self-recognition does not lead to liberation, but rather to despair and destruction. The narrator of The Outsider is forever doomed to live as a ghostly figure, isolated from the world of beauty and humanity that he so desperately desired. The Creature, who longed for companionship and acceptance, ultimately embraces the monstrous identity that society imposed on him, sealing his fate in vengeance and sorrow. Both characters illustrate the devastating effects of isolation and the absence of redemption when self-awareness is met with rejection. These narratives compel readers to reflect on the complexities of human existence, the illusions we construct about ourselves, and the harsh truths that often lie beneath the surface. By examining these characters' struggles, we gain a deeper understanding of the universal human experience of grappling with identity, fate, and the search for meaning in an indifferent world.

Addendum 1 to essay with extra notes coming from my reflective journaling:

Segismundo in Life is a Dream and the Unknown Narrator in The Outsider

There are some intriguing similarities between Segismundo in Life is a Dream by  Calderón de la Barca (1980) and the unknown narrator in Lovecraft's The Outsider (1936). Both characters grapple with themes of identity, isolation, and the tension between reality and perception, though they do so within very different contexts and literary traditions (Acuña-Solano, Literature Reflective Journaling on Life is a Dream and The Outsider, 2024).

Key Similarities:

1.    Isolation and Imprisonment:

o   Segismundo: Segismundo is imprisoned from birth in a tower, isolated from society because of a prophecy that he would become a tyrant. His knowledge of the world is limited, shaped by his confinement, and he grows up with a distorted sense of self and reality. When he is briefly released, he struggles to reconcile his desires and instincts with the expectations placed upon him.

o   The Narrator: Similarly, the narrator in The Outsider is isolated in an underground dwelling, cut off from human society. His understanding of the world is also distorted, based on the limited knowledge he has gleaned from books and his environment. When he escapes, he is confronted with a reality that shatters his self-perception.

2.    Struggle with Identity:

o   Segismundo: Upon being released from his tower, Segismundo grapples with his identity and the nature of his existence. He questions whether he is truly the person he was raised to believe he is, or if his entire life has been a dream. His journey is one of self-discovery, where he must reconcile his inner nature with the world outside his tower.

o   The Narrator: The narrator in The Outsider similarly struggles with his identity. He believes himself to be a normal human being, driven by a desire to connect with others. However, when he finally sees his reflection, he realizes that his perception of himself was a lie, leading to an existential crisis.

3.    Confrontation with Reality:

o   Segismundo: The key moment in Life is a Dream comes when Segismundo is made to believe that his brief experience of freedom was merely a dream. This confrontation with reality versus illusion forces him to reflect on the nature of existence and his place in the world.

o   The Narrator: In The Outsider, the narrator’s confrontation with his reflection is a similarly shattering moment. He is forced to face the grotesque reality of his existence, which is entirely at odds with the self-image he had constructed. This moment is Lovecraft’s way of exploring the horror of self-discovery and the fragile line between reality and illusion.

4.    Themes of Fate and Predestination:

o   Segismundo: Segismundo’s story is deeply intertwined with themes of fate and predestination. He is imprisoned because of a prophecy, and much of the play revolves around whether he can overcome the destiny foretold for him.

o   The Narrator: While Lovecraft’s narrator isn’t dealing with a prophecy, there’s a sense of inevitability in his journey. His fate as an outsider—detached from humanity and destined to live in darkness—is something he cannot escape, much like Segismundo’s struggle against his supposed destiny.

Key Differences:

1.    Philosophical Context:

o   Segismundo: Calderón de la Barca’s play is a philosophical exploration of free will, fate, and the nature of reality, influenced by the religious and existential questions of the Spanish Golden Age.

o   The Narrator: Lovecraft’s story is rooted in cosmic horror, where the emphasis is on the insignificance of the individual in the face of an indifferent and often malevolent universe. The narrator’s crisis of identity is less about philosophical inquiry and more about the terror of the unknown.

2.    Outcome:

o   Segismundo: Ultimately, Segismundo learns from his experiences and takes control of his fate, choosing to rule justly when he is finally given the throne. His journey ends with a sense of redemption and moral clarity.

o   The Narrator: In contrast, the narrator of The Outsider ends in despair and resignation. There is no redemption or moral lesson; he is doomed to live as an outsider, forever alienated from the world he once longed to join.

Both characters' experiences highlight the tension between self-perception and reality, and how isolation can distort one’s understanding of themselves and the world. However, while Segismundo’s journey leads to self-realization and growth, the narrator of The Outsider is left to face the bleak horror of his true nature without any hope of redemption.

Addendum 2 to essay with extra notes coming from my reflective journaling:

The Creature in Frankenstein and the Unknown Narrator in The Outsider

The presence or absence of mirrors in Frankenstein (Shelly, 2008) and The Outsider (Lovecraft, 1936) is symbolically significant, reflecting each character's journey toward self-awareness, identity, and the ultimate horror of recognizing their true nature (Acuña-Solano, Literature Reflective Journaling on Frankenstein and The Outsider, 2024).

Mirrors in The Outsider

●       Moment of Revelation: In The Outsider, the mirror (or, more accurately, the reflective surface) plays a crucial role in the story's climax. The narrator, who has been wandering in search of light and human connection, comes across what he initially believes to be a human figure. It is only when he reaches out to touch this figure that he realizes he is looking at his own reflection. The reflective surface reveals his true appearance—a horrifying, skeletal figure that he previously had no idea was his own.

●       Symbol of Self-Discovery: The mirror in this story symbolizes the moment of self-discovery, where the narrator is forced to confront the reality of his existence. Up until this point, his perception of himself is based on an internalized, idealized concept of normalcy and humanity. The mirror shatters this illusion, confronting him with the truth that he is the very monster he unknowingly sought to escape.

●       Lack of Mirrors Beforehand: The absence of mirrors prior to this moment highlights the narrator’s ignorance and detachment from his true self. Without any reflective surfaces, he has been able to construct a self-image based purely on his internal desires and what he imagines himself to be, rather than on any objective reality. This makes the eventual revelation all the more shocking and traumatic.

Absence of Mirrors in Frankenstein

●       Gradual Realization: In Frankenstein, the absence of mirrors in the Creature’s early existence parallels his gradual realization of his difference and monstrosity. The Creature doesn’t immediately understand his own appearance; instead, he learns of it through the reactions of others—expressions of fear, horror, and rejection. His awareness of his own deformity grows over time, shaped by the responses of the humans he encounters.

●       Lack of Direct Confrontation: The absence of a mirror or direct confrontation with his reflection in Frankenstein delays the Creature’s full understanding of his monstrous nature. He first becomes aware of his differences through other people’s eyes, which adds a layer of tragic irony. Unlike the narrator in The Outsider, who is abruptly confronted with his reflection, the Creature’s realization is piecemeal, making his rejection by society even more painful.

●       Symbol of Alienation: The absence of a mirror also symbolizes the Creature’s alienation from society and from himself. He is denied the opportunity to fully see and understand himself in the way humans do, which mirrors his broader exclusion from human society. When he does finally see his reflection in a pool of water, the sight horrifies him, reinforcing his sense of otherness and deepening his despair.

Comparative Significance

●       Mirror as a Device of Horror: In both stories, the mirror (or its absence) functions as a critical device that drives the horror of self-realization. In The Outsider, the mirror abruptly forces the narrator to confront his true nature in a moment of shock and horror. In Frankenstein, the absence of mirrors delays this confrontation, allowing the horror to build gradually as the Creature comes to understand his own monstrousness through the eyes of others.

●       Identity and Alienation: The mirror (or its absence) also speaks to the themes of identity and alienation. In The Outsider, the narrator's ignorance of his own appearance underscores his alienation from the world of the living. When he finally sees himself, the mirror becomes a symbol of the unbridgeable gap between his internal self-concept and his external reality. In Frankenstein, the gradual realization of his appearance alienates the Creature from both humanity and himself, driving his sense of isolation and fueling his eventual turn to violence.

References

Acuña-Solano, J. (2024, July 25). Literature Reflective Journaling on Frankenstein and The Outsider. Literature Reflective Journaling. San José, San José, Costa Rica.

Acuña-Solano, J. (2024, August 3). Literature Reflective Journaling on Life is a Dream and The Outsider. Reflective Journaling August 2024. San José, San José, Costa Rica.

Boyd, J. D. (2013). Wrighting Back to Spain: Constructing Latina/o Identities Through Translation, Adaptation, and Staging of Pedro Calderón de la Barca’s La vida es sueño. Retrieved October 13, 2024, from Electronic Theses & Dissertations Center: https://etd.ohiolink.edu/acprod/odb_etd/ws/send_file/send?accession=osu1370944488&disposition=inline

Calderón de la Barca, P. (1980). La vida es sueño. Madrid: Alhambra.

Edinburgh International Festival. (2023, June 29). What is Life is a Dream All About? Retrieved October 14, 2024, from Edinburgh International Festival: https://www.eif.co.uk/news-and-blogs/what-is-life-is-a-dream-all-about

Encyclopedia.com. (n.d.). Life Is a Dream PEDRO CALDERÓN DE LA BARCA 1635. Retrieved October 14, 2024, from Encyclopedia.com: https://www.encyclopedia.com/arts/educational-magazines/life-dream

Galbraith, S. (2019, September 16). Review: La Vida es Sueño / Life is a Dream at GALA Hispanic Theatre. Retrieved October 20, 2024, from DC Theatre Scene: https://dctheatrescene.com/2019/09/16/review-la-vida-es-sueno-life-is-a-dream-at-gala-hispanic-theatre/

Gargarello, J. (2023, March 28). Exploring Fate and Destiny: Insights From Carl Jung. Retrieved from Medium: https://medium.com/@jennygargarello/exploring-fate-and-destiny-insights-from-carl-jung-b5fcdc57646b

Gow, H. Y. (2023, December 30). THE POWER OF SELF-RECOGNITION: UNLOCKING PERSONAL GROWTH AND WELL-BEING. Retrieved October 19, 2024, from Medium: https://medium.com/@huiyiangow/the-power-of-self-recognition-unlocking-personal-growth-and-well-being-6fd243db5fc2

Hogg, M. (2023). "Generous and Self-Devoted Being": Grief Psychology and Mary Shelley's Frankestein. Retrieved October 13, 2024, from The University of Alabana at Birmingham - UAB Digital Commos: https://digitalcommons.library.uab.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1076&context=etd-collection

Katherine. (2017, September 23). From Even the Greatest of Horrors Irony is Seldom Absent: The Words. Retrieved October 14, 2024, from Hunni AP: https://aphunniblog.edublogs.org/2017/09/23/from-even-the-greatest-of-horrors-irony-is-seldom-absent-the-words/

Lickerman, A. (2011, January 16). Redemption, What does it mean to be redeemed? Retrieved October 20, 2024, from Psychology Today: https://www.psychologytoday.com/intl/blog/happiness-in-this-world/201101/redemption

LitCharts. (n.d.). Life is a Dream Summary. Retrieved October 17, 2024, from https://www.litcharts.com/: https://www.litcharts.com/lit/life-is-a-dream/summary

Liu, X.-W. (2021, March). The Identity-Chasing Journey of the Monster in Frankenstein. Journal of Literature and Art Studies, 11(3). doi:10.17265/2159-5836/2021.03.002

Lovecraft, H. (1936). The Outsider. In H. Lovecraft, The Complete Works of H.P. Lovecraft. Sauk City, Eisconsin: CthulhuChick.com.

MacDonald, M. (2018, October 31). “The Outsider” — H. P. Lovecraft simplified. Retrieved October 13, 2024, from Medium: https://prosetech.medium.com/the-outsider-h-p-lovecraft-simplified-8db8b8e02b78

Medium. (2023, September 3). Frankenstein’s Legacy: A Tale of Science, Morality, and Monstrosity. Retrieved October 14, 2024, from Mediuim.Com: https://medium.com/@books618/frankensteins-legacy-a-tale-of-science-morality-and-monstrosity-cae29a711537

Russo, G. (2024, February 12). The Role of Fate in Greek Mythology: An Exploration of Moira. Retrieved October 18, 2024, from Medium: https://medium.com/mythology-journal/the-role-of-fate-in-greek-mythology-an-exploration-of-moira-e8e5e60fcbdd

Sehar, S. (2023, September 8). The Illusion of Beauty: How Prioritizing Pretty Faces Over Good Hearts May Be the Biggest Mistake of Our Generation. Retrieved October 18, 2024, from Medium: https://medium.com/@saniasehar380/the-illusion-of-beauty-how-prioritizing-pretty-faces-over-good-hearts-may-be-the-biggest-mistake-14e57c15ac5b

Shelly, M. (2008). Frankenstein. Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press.

Sinha, P. K. (2023, December 8). Awakening to the Dream: Exploring the Illusory Nature of Reality. Retrieved October 18, 2024, from Medium: https://medium.com/@pritamkumarsinha/awakening-to-the-dream-exploring-the-illusory-nature-of-reality-d0aa066a23ca

Vazh, M. (2023, June 22). On “The Outsider” by H.P. Lovecraft. Retrieved October 14, 2024, from Taskerland: https://tasker.land/2023/06/22/on-the-outsider-by-h-p-lovecraft/

Reading Comprehension Exercise

Instructions. After having read the essay, test your comprehension. The answers are provided below.

1. Which character was isolated from birth due to a prophecy?

●       A) The Creature

●       B) The Narrator

●       C) Segismundo

Answer: C) Segismundo

2. How does the Creature learn about the world?

●       A) Through books and observation

●       B) Through direct human interaction

●       C) By talking to Victor Frankenstein

Answer: A) Through books and observation

3. What shatters the narrator’s self-perception in The Outsider?

●       A) A letter

●       B) A mirror

●       C) A conversation with another person

Answer: B) A mirror

4. Which character experiences their reality as a dream or illusion?

●       A) The Narrator

●       B) The Creature

●       C) Segismundo

Answer: C) Segismundo

5. Which of the following is a key theme in all three stories?

●       A) The consequences of war

●       B) The struggle for identity

●       C) The power of love

Answer: B) The struggle for identity

6. Why is the Creature horrified when he sees his reflection?

●       A) He realizes he is not human.

●       B) He sees he is beautiful.

●       C) He cannot see his reflection at all.

Answer: A) He realizes he is not human

7. What role does literature play in the characters’ understanding of the world?

●       A) It provides a distorted view

●       B) It helps them become leaders

●       C) It has no impact on their lives

Answer: A) It provides a distorted view

8. What is Segismundo's final realization about his fate?

●       A) He is powerless against prophecy.

●       B) He can choose his actions despite the prophecy.

●       C) His life has been a dream all along.

Answer: B) He can choose his actions despite the prophecy.

9. In The Outsider, what does the narrator initially seek?

●       A) Wealth

●       B) Human connection and light

●       C) Revenge

Answer: B) Human connection and light

10. How does the Creature in Frankenstein react to his rejection by society?

●       A) He accepts it peacefully

●       B) He seeks vengeance

●       C) He isolates himself without any response

Answer: B) He seeks vengeance

11. What is the central irony in the narrator’s journey in The Outsider?

●       A) He believes he is human until he sees his reflection.

●       B) He never wanted to escape his underground dwelling.

●       C) He knows his true identity all along.

Answer: A) He believes he is human until he sees his reflection.

12. Which character’s story explores the ethical implications of creation?

●       A) The Narrator

●       B) The Creature

●       C) Segismundo

Answer: B) The Creature

Literary Reflective exercise:

Question to discuss with students in class

1.    What role does isolation play in shaping the identities of Segismundo, the unknown narrator, and the Creature?

2.    How does literature influence the unknown narrator and the Creature's understanding of beauty and humanity?

3.    What is the significance of self-recognition in the journeys of these three characters?

4.    How does fate influence the actions and outcomes of Segismundo, the unknown narrator, and the Creature?

5.    In what ways do the concepts of beauty and monstrosity intersect in these three works?

6.    What role does redemption play in the narratives of these characters?

7.    How does the theme of illusion versus reality manifest in Life is a Dream?

8.    What does the mirror symbolize in The Outsider and how does it differ from the lack of a mirror in Frankenstein?

9.    How do Segismundo’s actions after his self-recognition compare to those of the Creature and the unknown narrator?

10.  What does the contrast between the Creature’s eloquence and his appearance suggest about societal norms?

11.  How does the idea of "life as a dream" in Segismundo’s story relate to the experiences of the other two characters?

12.  What is the significance of the characters’ final choices in their respective stories?

Possible Answers:

1.What role does isolation play in shaping the identities of Segismundo, the unknown narrator, and the Creature?

o   Answer: Isolation shapes their understanding of the world and themselves. Segismundo's physical imprisonment limits his knowledge and skews his behavior when he gains freedom. The unknown narrator’s isolation leads to a distorted self-image, revealed to be monstrous upon escaping. The Creature's social isolation drives him to seek knowledge and companionship, but ultimately to revenge when he is rejected.

2.How does literature influence the unknown narrator and the Creature's understanding of beauty and humanity?

o   Answer: Both characters develop their concepts of beauty and humanity through books, which present idealized versions of these concepts. The unknown narrator’s reading leads him to expect beauty in himself and others, but reality shatters this illusion. The Creature’s reading fills him with a longing for human connection, but also with despair when he realizes he can never attain it.

3.What is the significance of self-recognition in the journeys of these three characters?

o   Answer: Self-recognition is pivotal for all three. Segismundo’s realization of his potential for tyranny leads him to seek redemption. The unknown narrator’s self-recognition as a monster leads to his retreat from humanity. The Creature's understanding of his monstrous identity fuels his desire for revenge against his creator.

4.How does fate influence the actions and outcomes of Segismundo, the unknown narrator, and the Creature?

o   Answer: Fate plays a crucial role in all three stories. Segismundo struggles against a prophecy that predicts his doom, ultimately finding redemption by choosing a different path. The unknown narrator seems doomed to his fate as an outsider from the beginning. The Creature's fate is tied to Victor Frankenstein’s actions and society’s rejection, leading to his tragic end.

5.In what ways do the concepts of beauty and monstrosity intersect in these three works?

o   Answer: Beauty and monstrosity are central to the characters' struggles. Segismundo’s experience of beauty is marred by the realization of his potential for ugliness. The unknown narrator discovers he is a monster rather than the human he imagined. The Creature yearns for beauty and humanity but is constantly reminded of his monstrosity by others’ reactions.

6.What role does redemption play in the narratives of these characters?

o   Answer: Redemption is sought by all three characters but achieved only by Segismundo. He learns from his mistakes and chooses to act wisely. The unknown narrator does not find redemption, instead accepting his fate as a monster. The Creature's quest for redemption ends in tragedy, as he embraces the role of a monster after being denied acceptance.

7.How does the theme of illusion versus reality manifest in Life is a Dream?

o   Answer: The theme is central to Segismundo’s story, where the line between dream and reality blurs. His brief experience of freedom, followed by his return to the tower, makes him question the nature of reality, reflecting the play’s exploration of life as an illusion.

8.What does the mirror symbolize in The Outsider and how does it differ from the lack of a mirror in Frankenstein?

o   Answer: The mirror in The Outsider symbolizes the harsh truth of the narrator’s monstrous identity, shattering his illusions. In contrast, the absence of a mirror in Frankenstein suggests that the Creature’s identity is shaped more by others' reactions than by self-reflection.

9.How do Segismundo’s actions after his self-recognition compare to those of the Creature and the unknown narrator?

o   Answer: Segismundo seeks to change his fate after recognizing his potential for tyranny, choosing a path of wisdom. The Creature and the unknown narrator, however, are consumed by their self-recognition, leading to their isolation and eventual downfall.

10.What does the contrast between the Creature’s eloquence and his appearance suggest about societal norms?

o   Answer: The contrast highlights the superficiality of societal norms that judge based on appearance rather than character. Despite the Creature’s intelligence and eloquence, he is rejected because of his monstrous appearance, suggesting a critique of a society that values outward beauty over inner humanity.

11.How does the idea of "life as a dream" in Segismundo’s story relate to the experiences of the other two characters?

o   Answer: Segismundo’s experience of life as a dream parallels the other characters’ struggles with reality versus illusion. The unknown narrator’s life before his self-recognition is a kind of dream, shattered by the truth of his appearance. The Creature’s idealistic dreams of acceptance are crushed by the harsh reality of societal rejection.

12.What is the significance of the characters’ final choices in their respective stories?

• Answer: The final choices of the characters reflect their ultimate acceptance or rejection of their identities. Segismundo chooses redemption, ruling justly despite his earlier actions. The unknown narrator accepts his fate as an outsider, retreating into darkness. The Creature chooses revenge, embracing the monstrous role imposed on him by society. These choices underscore the themes of free will versus fate and the struggle for identity.