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    Jonathan Acuña Solano, Post Author
    Contact Email: jonacuso@gmail.com

Don’t you Always Rely on One Single Teaching Practice

Higher Education 0 comments


Taken from https://www.natcom.org/CommCurrentsArticle.aspx?id=4074

Don’t you Always Rely on One Single Teaching Practice

By Prof. Jonathan Acuña-Solano, M. Ed.
School of English
Faculty of Social Sciences
Universidad Latina de Costa Rica
Sunday, May 22, 2016
Post 283

“Don’t you always rely on one single teaching practice; it may not work all the time for all of your students.” This is a statement I constantly heard from a colleague of mine who passed away some time ago. And he was indeed right! Learning outcomes can be assessed differently, but no matter what, they must be aligned with the right assessment strategy to benefit the student not the teacher.

Assessments need to be 100% aligned with one’s teaching and course objectives. Oftentimes I have heard ex-students of mine complaining that they feel that they are being graded unfairly because there is no consistency between what is being taught and the way it is being graded.

I must confess that I hardly ever use multiple-choice exams in my content courses. As a language teacher, in a regular English class, I may use this type of test. However, as I stated before, I do not usually work on exams, but if I do, I also provide other types of exercises as part of student examination. Now, if I relate this to a teacher's class who solely follows a teaching method, I guess he could have been more productive trying a different kind of testing devices such as Problem-Based Learning.

Had I been in a position where I must come up with various ways to test student comprehension and learning, I would have used all these techniques to maximize student learning in my class.


What do you think?


Sunday, May 22, 2016



Critique on Chapter 1 – LANGUAGE, LEARNING, AND TEACHING

Didactics, ELT 0 comments


PRINCIPLES of LANGUAGE LEARNING AND TEACHING
By H. Douglas Brown

Critique on Chapter 1 – LANGUAGE, LEARNING, AND TEACHING

By Pablo Rojas-Mena
Pre-Service Teacher, School of English
Faculty of Social Sciences
Universidad Latina de Costa Rica
Sunday, May 22, 2016
Post 282

          PRINCIPLES of LANGUAGE LEARNING AND TEACHING is a book written by H. Douglas Brown, which is divided into several chapters, and in this case, the first one is the one being taken into consideration. Basically, the Chapter 1 focuses on the acquisition of a second language; it explains significant elements, factors, issues and variables involved in such acquisition, and, besides that, such chapter also deals with language, learning and teaching, especially with the different methods utilized in all of those areas. The main purpose of this chapter is to let the reader know how the acquisition of a second language can get affected, in a good or in a bad way, depending on the way each person works in those areas.

          Based on the information provided by Brown (200) in this book, it is possible to find different topics, which are very meaningful when teaching and learning a second language. Most of the information from the first chapter is related not only to how those areas, mentioned above, used to be developed in past, but also how they continue being developed nowadays. On the other hand, it is important to pay attention to all of the ideas presented in this chapter; however, there are some that are more relevant than others, among them, we can include the following:

1)   The issues in second language acquisition, that based on questions that are being asked about this complex process, part of those questions are: who?, what?, how?, when?, where? and why?.
2)   Also, the idea of having a clear definition for the terms, “language”, “learning” and “teaching” and knowing the differences among them.
3)   Another one is the necessity to be aware of the diverse schools of thought that have existed since a long time ago, such as, the structuralism and behaviorism ( based on observable performance, reinforcement, the structure of a language and scientific methods), the rationalism and cognitive psychology (it is about generative linguistics acquisition, the innateness, using the adequate grammar of a language and it looks for a deeper explanation of the structure of a language) and the constructivism (it explains the base of acquiring knowledge, focuses on socialization, it’s to say by interacting with people around us); these types of schools of thought help the person become more successful in the learning and teaching processes.
4)   Moreover, it is also meaningful, to make sure there is a good relationship between the individuals involved in these processes, in this case the student and the teacher; it is recommendable that both know very well their personal skills. The last main or more relevant idea, is to try to get familiar a little more with the communicative approach in learning and teaching processes and so to work less in the grammatical part, due to, unfortunately the oral skills are not put in practice very often.

In my personal opinion, I agree with the information presented by Brown (200) in this chapter, because it is totally important and true. Actually we must pay more attention to all of the factors involved in learning and teaching a second language; there are different methodologies to be successful in those areas. It is just about choosing the correct designs and techniques. On the other hand, it is significant to know the good and bad skills of a person when getting involved in these kind processes and we always have to keep in mind that every learner, every teacher, every learner-teacher relationship and every context is unique.

However, when I take a look at the experiences I have had in these areas, I can say, they have not been developed properly, based on what this chapter states. One of those special facts is knowing the person’s skills before starting with a process, due to, in many cases people do not care so much about the difficulties someone can present, which should be taken more into consideration. Besides, the focus on a communicative approach is important because actually very few institutions explore a person’s oral skills rightly, and also the fact that in many cases, some teachers’ methodologies do not work efficiently, and even though, they realize about it, some of them do not make any effort in order to improve that area.

Finally, to conclude, it seems to me, that the content of this chapter is very important and useful for anyone who has to get involved in the areas of learning and teaching a second language. Actually, this book is totally recommendable, as long as the reader does not only read the information, but also to put into practice properly according to his/her abilities.

References

Brown, H. D. (2000). Principles of language learning and teaching. In H. D. Brown, Language, learning, and teaching (pp. p. 1 - p. 19). San Francisco: Longman.


Sunday, May 22, 2016



Working Adult Student (WAS) Profile

Higher Education, WAS, Working Adult Student 0 comments

Working Adult Student (WAS) Profile

By Prof. Jonathan Acuña-Solano, M. Ed.
School of English
Faculty of Social Sciences
Universidad Latina de Costa Rica
Saturday, May 21, 2016
Post 281

During the first work week of the Laureate Faculty Development course, I presented and shared my experience teaching WASs with other faculty members from other Laureate universities. And part of this experience was directed towards the chance to consider my profile as WASs' facilitator in terms of Andragogy.

A template was provided to all participants to fill in by taking into account the information covered during the first week of the online course. The rubric, so to say, made me consider what each WAS profile category defined next refers to:
Academic profile: Previous learning experiences, previous education, role as a student, study habits, use of technology.
Professional profile: Work experience, professional or trade practice.
Psychological profile: Attitudes, relationship with the facilitator, relationship with other students, attitude towards learning, motivation, emotions, self confidence, family-work-study balance.
Group of WAS´s profile: General characteristics of the group.

          Here is the result of my analysis and the ideas that I consider should go in each of the subcategories proposed by Laureate Education.

WAS profile
Main characteristics
Academic profile
Previous learning experiences:
-          Probable empirical knowledge of subject-matter
-          Knowledge of how certain processes in the field of study are carried out
Previous education:
-          People who might have stopped their studies for various reasons (personal, family, working, etc.)
-          Learners who may only take one or two course per term due to their tight schedule or lack of economical resources
-          Students who may be taking their second study program at a university
Role as a student:
-          Willing to validate what they have empirically learned with a higher education degree
-          Eager to compare his/her way of doing things to what it is currently done in the workplace
Study habits:
-          Limited time for studying
-          In search for a balance between his personal, working life with the university learning tasks
-          Highly independent due to his/her many responsibilities
Use of technology:
-          Depending on the age group the WAS belongs to, the use of technology can be ample or limiting.
-          They may be more prompt to using collaboration tools to work with non-working peers.
Professional profile
Work experience:
-          Coming directly from the working world
-          Employees from companies where they are using what they are going to study in courses at the university
-          May be graduates from other study programs and who are coming back to the university for a second degree
Professional or trade practice:
-          Probably with ample professional or trade practice
-          Immersed in their field of study with lots of practical experiences
-          Willing to use his/her knowledge in practical situations such as case studies, simulations, and so on
Psychological profile
Attitudes:
-          Positive or negative depending on how empathy is created
-          Looking for some comprehension and help due to his/her many activities in his/her life
Relationship with facilitator:
-          Open and direct since both may be working on similar companies outside the university
-          Dependent on facilitator’s assistance to comply with course learning activities and projects
Relationship with other students:
-          Depending on cultural background, learners can be very independent and will try to work independently.
-          Collaboration with the ones who lack the knowledge they have is present and beneficial for the whole class.
Attitude towards learning:
-          Great predisposition to learn and to validate what they have empirically learned while working
-          Eager to confront the professor with questions regarding processes s/he is involved in at work
Motivation:
-          At his/her peak of motivation
-          Goal-oriented and success-oriented
-          Wasting time is not part of their ideas.
-          Extrinsically motivated either at work or in their families
Emotions:
-          Emotionally prepared to accept the challenge to go back to the university to finish his/her study program
-          Determined to achieve goals
Self-Confidence:
-          Self-reliant on what s/he has learned at work
-          Willing to accept the challenge to get his/her university diploma
Family-work-study balance:
-          Could be either hectic or very well-balanced
-          Studying schedules do not match with those of their peers
-          Might encounter some difficulty in meeting deadlines
WAS group profile
-          Full of empirical knowledge to be used in learning activities
-          Could be someone coming back to the university to finish a study program or to study another one
-          Searching for a way to validate what a job has taught them experientially
-          Some with a tight schedule to meet studying needs and project development
-          Someone who already works with technology and may have some trouble with portable technology
-          Mostly coming directly from the labor market with lots of experiences and experiential learning
-          Currently or formerly employed in the area of studies
-          In search for the chance to be understood as someone who is not solely studying
-          Ready to establish open and direct relationships with peers and instructors
-          Great predisposition to learn from instructors, from peers, and from course content
-          A goal- and success- oriented individual who does not want to waste his/her time and resources
-          Emotionally prepared to accept the challenges of higher education
-          Self-reliant on his former working experiences that are being brought to the classroom
-          In search for the right balance among job responsibilities, family, and studies




Saturday, May 21, 2016



The First Day at WASs’ Higher Education Course

Higher Education, WAS, Working Adult Student 0 comments

Taken from http://www.workforcedqc.org/who-cares-about-data/students-workers

The First Day at WASs’ Higher Education Course

By Prof. Jonathan Acuña-Solano, M. Ed.
School of English
Faculty of Social Sciences
Universidad Latina de Costa Rica
Saturday, May 21, 2016
Post 280

          The case provided as an opening for the online course on WASs (Working Adult Students), in which we have a higher education teaching professional listening to what two working adult students have to say in regards to their expectations towards the course, is an eye opener for many professors who do not deal with this kind of learners. But what can be expected from a work of students in night school at a higher education institution whose lives are divided into personal, family, and professional study challenges? For sure, part of the answer to this question is connected to what they need to balance all these aspects from their lives away from a college classroom.

          Understanding the personal and professional lives of many of my students, in addition to their needs to work to support their studies, lifestyle, and/or families, teaching strategies need to be well-thought to help these working learners. From my point of view and based on my professional experience, the very first thing that needs to be carefully planned is how the evaluation rubrics are going to be administered to help learners succeed in the course (in terms of summative assessments) but also to develop their potential as professionals who can make use of their working experience. Secondly, based on this working experience of theirs, authentic assessments must be created so they can apply what they already know along with the new theory or methodology that is being presented to them. This will help them achieve success goals in the course, and their satisfaction and motivation will peak. Finally, perhaps lengthy theoretical examinations are not the best approach to a course with WASs; PBL (Project-Based Learning) could be another good option to be used with these learners to give them instances to develop real deep learning in one’s subject or course.

          As someone who had to work and study, I feel much connected to learners who come to a higher education institution. At the pre-graduate level, I did not find much help from professors. Back in the 80s when I started out my university life and started to work, both activities could not coexist in a university setting. 30 years afterwards this is now the norm; learners work during the day (and even nights) to come to study and further their university studies. Being someone who was not helped by many of my former professors allows me to understand my students and to find ways to help them materialize their learning and success goals. Having gone through this experience myself and finding professors back then who got interested in my university life and learning makes me now responsible for helping WASs to attain their university goals.

          As a student back then in the 80s, I wish I had had a professor who came to class wanting to know a bit about us. At that time, course objectives were stated the first day of class, in many cases, and then we, the working token of the class, had to find ways to comply with course assignments in a world where technology was just an emerging novelty; we had to take time out of our working agendas to go to library catalogs to find information for our projects. Today, feeling responsible for my WASs, I do my part of the work, which is facilitating with relevant information, Webpages to consults, eBooks, blog articles, videos (that I have either found or created for a given topic), and the like to support them in their efforts to succeed in my course and university study program.

          Finally, going a bit deeper into the instructor’s posture and attitude in the first day of class, several things can be stated.

1
Appropriateness of the questions asked by the instructor
Certainly, the instructor in the video was quite appropriate in requesting her students to voice their expectation for the course in terms of what it is expected from them to learn, but also what they expect from the instructor.
·         Any instructor interested in having students learn ought to work on an ethnography of his/her class to see who is seating in class and how they can be helped.
2
Posture and attitude of the course instructor
From the video, the instructor’s posture and attitude was the right one. The need to know who is in class and how the person can be helped out.
·         Listening to what students have to say is important to take into account in our instructional design. Not paying attention to them is telling them that I will turn my back on them.
3
Posture and attitude of the course participants
Since the instructor in the video was just dealing with WASs, this conversation was necessary. Students do have a voice and they need to express what they also expect from the course and the instructor. Setting their expectations is like raising a red flag for the professor to envision what needs to be done to produce deep learning among his/her learners.
·         Learners have a saying in the decision that must be made in course assessment and learning. Unhearing them is once again telling them you do not care about them.

The WAS population at a higher learning institution needs to be taken care of. Comprehending their ethnography can help all of us teaching professionals that they are a particular group of students with different needs when compared to the regular student who comes to college and whose only worries are connected to their studies and social life. WASs’ needs are very different and understanding them can help us to design the right learning/teaching model to satisfy their needs.



Saturday, May 21, 2016



Evidence and an Approach to Identifying Learning, While it is Happening

Higher Education 0 comments

Taken from http://alexsb.org/


Evidence and an Approach to Identifying Learning, While it is Happening

By Prof. Jonathan Acuña-Solano, M. Ed.
School of English
Faculty of Social Sciences
Universidad Latina de Costa Rica
Wednesday, May 18, 2016
Post 279

When confronted with the fact regarding who should ensure the learning is taking place, instructors must be certain that learning is a two-way street. By means of this metaphor, what needs to be understood is that teachers and learners are both responsible for students’ learning. It is a heavy load that cannot just rely on the instructor’s shoulders; it is a load that needs to be shared by both actors in the classroom.

As a teaching professional mostly working with Project-Based Learning (PBL), as part of the content courses I get to teach at Universidad Latina, the main source of information regarding students’ learning are projects, which have become the standard for student achievement. That is, the preparation of a project requires instructional design behind it to guarantee that learning objectives and outcomes are met, and the creation of a rubric to formatively and summatively assess course participants must be developed to guide students to strengthen areas that instructors identify. By means of these projects, teachers can see learning in terms of a process and an end product.

As stated before, my grading strategies are now connected to identify areas that must be maximized. The first step is to explain what the project is all about. After that, rubrics are explained so learners can see what they are going to be graded on and what their projects must include to meet the grading criteria. Later on, as the project progresses, they are provided with feedback to prompt some actions towards the improvement of the project. Finally, based on the end product, a grade is provided to each student. As it can be seen, formative and summative assessment are used to guarantee student learning. Now it is clear to my readers that my hybrid and blended instruction is geared towards the use of PBL. As stated by Laureate Education (2010), “Projects, if well designed, can be very realistic and assess a wide variety of knowledge and skills. The instructor should thoughtfully determine specifically what learning outcomes are desired; create a project or task that will address those outcomes; develop the conditions, instructions, and expectations for the project; and ensure it is doable given the time and space constraints of the class.” But this process must include the use of a rubric to really assess student learning.

As Professor Polanco from the Universidad del Valle in Mexico puts it, the challenge to be able to observe student learning in action is to design and develop instruments (rubrics, portfolios, etc.) that can allow us to provide students with ongoing assessment.

Reference
Laureate Education. (2010). Gathering Evidence of Student Learning. Retrieved on 2015, March 15 from the Faculty Development webpage by Laureate Education



Wednesday, May 18, 2016



Language, Learning, and Teaching: An Overview

Didactics, ELT, HD Brown 0 comments

Taken from http://www.sedl.org/pubs/sedletter/v11n02/lote.html


Language, Learning, and Teaching: An Overview
Critique on H.D. Brown’s First Chapter

By Federica Corradini
Pre-Service Teacher, School of English
Faculty of Social Sciences
Universidad Latina de Costa Rica
Wednesday, May 18, 2016
Post 278

          Learning and teaching a language is a very complex and deep process that involves many different aspects. When analyzing all the factors that are involved, there are different characteristics that must be taken into account, for instance social and psychological background. Moreover, it is primarily necessary to understand what is meant by language, learning, teaching, and methodology. Before going further in the world of language learning and teaching, it is also required to have a broad idea of its development through history. In the first chapter of his book “Principles of Language Learning and Teaching, Fourth Edition” (2000), H. Douglas Brown points out his main ideas about the above mentioned aspects. As every teacher should consider, learning and teaching a language is not only a mere process of transmitting and receiving structural information, it is also a complex web of a whole lot of features.

The author states that it is necessary to consider the socio-cultural background of learners and teachers, what is wanted to be taught, how, when, where, and why the teaching-learning process occurs. Mr. Brown states that it is very difficult to give a strict definition of language, learning, and teaching, since they are complex processes. He also affirms that different schools of thought, and methodologies have been developed through the years, and “Teaching methodology emerged every quarter of a century, with each new method breaking from the old but […] taking with it some of the positive aspects of the previous paradigm” (Brown, 2000). He finally states that the major goal is to move beyond the teaching of structures only, in order to reach a more communicative approach. Even the schools of thought have switched to a superficial, observational analysis to a deeper and more psychological one. Brown also underlines the fact that each teacher needs to develop his or her personal and unique approach.

          Learning and teaching a language is a very deep process and for this reason I agree with the author when he states that it is essential to consider all the aspects that are involved. People tend to look at language teaching and learning very superficially; as it is stated by Brown, the development of teaching-learning procedures goes way beyond the mere application and reception of theories. It is a matter of fact that people come from different environments, which involve having different life styles, ambitions, ways of thinking, social positions, and so on. All of this definitely affects how a language needs to be taught, and why it is taught. It is also essential to make a distinction between the acquirement of language as a second, or foreign one. When the circumstances change, so do the means that are used to achieve certain goals. I also think that what the author writes about the definition of language is very true: it is a complex idea, and its functioning must be understood in order to be able to teach it. Besides this, depending on how a teacher sees the language, he or she will consequently teach in a certain way.

          It is also for this reason that Brown states that “Truth can be found in any theory” (Brown, 2000). I partially disagree with this statement. For sure it would be impossible to achieve universal theories, methodologies, and approaches since we are all different. Nevertheless, even if it is not possible to define what is without exception right or wrong, I personally think that there must be theories and methodologies that definitely do not work, or that on the other hand absolutely work. It has to be understood that everyone learns in a different way, and every teacher and student is unique. Yet, if a methodology does not work with barely any person, I do not see why it should continue to be used. For example, with reference to the Grammar Translation Method that is exposed at the end of the chapter (Brown, 2000), it is clear that a language cannot be taught with only grammar and syntax. A learner does not really learn the language if the only knowledge that he or she has is merely grammatical. It is necessary to put it into practice, speak, and apply the use of language itself to meaningful contexts.

          As a conclusion, I would say that this useful introductory chapter (Brown, 2000) gives a clear idea of what a language teacher should take into account. As it is stated above, it is essential to understand that teaching and learning a language are complex mechanisms, and by consequence the issues that derive from these processes must be acknowledged, in order to make them effective. It is also crucial to avoid a superficial analysis of the whole teaching-learning process since, as the reader could notice, what is involved is a series of different fields: psychology, linguistics, pedagogy, sociocultural aspects of the environment, different backgrounds, and many more.  By taking all these features into account, the teacher and the learner can achieve much better, and definitely effective results.

References

Brown, H. D. (2000). Language, Learning, and Teaching. In H. D. Brown, Principles of Language Learning and Teaching, Fourth Edition (pp. 1-19). Longman.




Wednesday, May 18, 2016



Planning for Significant Learning

Higher Education 1comments


Taken from http://www.allthetimegod.com/2016/03/growing-up-in-grace-rightly-dividing.html

Planning for Significant Learning

By Prof. Jonathan Acuña-Solano, M. Ed.
School of English
Faculty of Social Sciences
Universidad Latina de Costa Rica
Sunday, May 15, 2016
Post 277

·         Articulate the benefits of incorporating active, collaborative, and problem-based learning into your classroom.
·         Include the impact these would have on the approach your students would take to learning the course material.

Deep learning provides a context and rationale for learning. That is, students are involved with the importance of theory that can be applied to specific projects, problems, or tasks that need to be developed. Incorporating active, collaborative, and problem-based learning can prove that students can develop new knowledge for new skills and competences.

Deep learning connects new concepts to what students already know. From a cognitive perspective, the instructor needs to activate learners’ prior knowledge and have them relate the new concepts to existing schemata to build knowledge and then understanding quite readily. Many times, this schema activation is better done when collaboration mediates the process of learning. That is, what some segment of the class knows can engage and guide the other sections of the class that do not have much training on various areas.

Deep learning helps instructors spend more class time on the most critical and difficult ideas. Though there should not be a negative labeling in certain course contents, there are parts that become a bit more difficult for students than others. Modeling of the new concepts by the teacher is of great importance in this section to help them comprehend and then perform a task successfully. Collaboration along with problem-based learning can provide the ground to challenge students to go beyond their immediate boundaries and transcend course content and see how newly-acquired knowledge can be used in real life situations, making learning much more active and meaningful.

Deep learning has the power to engage students in active, collaborative, problem-based activities and discussions around authentic problems. If a class is gravitating on very abstracts grounds, learners may simply get lost “in space and time.” But if authentic situations can be simulated in class, students will relate better to them after their schemata has been activated. Having them deal with real life situations they will face in their working environments can make the whole experience worthwhile for the sake of student knowledge building and their corresponding skills and competences.

Deep learning uses assessment methods that ask students to apply and synthesize concepts. Deep learning then is a great approach to a constructivist curriculum in which evaluation aims at having students interact with theory in applicable situations that can help them internalize it and collaboratively –even with the teacher- build knowledge.

Deep learning provides feedback to students on their strengths and ways to improve their performance. The teacher as the role model and guide can help students become more autonomous in their learning by providing formative assessment and guidance towards higher levels in the understanding of course theory and its applicability.


·        Describe changes in your attitude toward your current teaching practices.

I wouldn’t say that there have been great changes in my attitude towards my teaching practices. I have been a follower of problem-based learning for many years and have understood the importance of schema activation due to Rod Ellis book Task-Based Instruction. It is on this ground that my teaching has been evolving in new scenarios such VLEs (virtual learning environments).

·         Describe one new teaching tool you can incorporate into your teaching.

Based on Rebecca Oxford and her research on recycling in language learning, which is my field of work, I want to experiment much more with spiral learning to provide real deep learning among my students and then have them take the quantic leap towards full acquisition of the language as described by Stephen Krashen.

·         Explain some of the challenges or concerns about implementing active, collaborative, and problem-based learning teaching tools in your classroom.

More than a concern regarding the implementation of more active and collaborative learning based on problem-based teaching tools for one’s classroom, it is important that instructors are certain of how to go about the experience. In other words,
1)   What educational purposes should you seek to attain in your course?
2)   What educational experiences can be provided that are likely to attain these purposes?
3)   How can these educational experiences be effectively organized?
4)   How can we determine whether these purposes are being attained?
(Tyler, 1949)

References

Tyler, R. (1949). Basic Principles of Curriculum and Instruction. Chicago: University of Chicago Press


Sunday, May 15, 2016



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