The Lord’s Prayer and Dante’s Purgatorial Prayer: A Theological and Moral Comparison

Introduction

The Lord’s Prayer (Pater Noster), as taught by Jesus in the Gospel according to Matthew, stands as one of Christianity’s most concise and profound expressions of humility, dependence, and divine alignment. Its purpose is not only liturgical but moral, directing believers toward obedience and charity (Matthew 6:9–13, English Standard Version [ESV]). Centuries later, Dante Alighieri (ca. 1320) incorporated this prayer into the moral architecture of The Divine Comedy, specifically within Purgatorio Canto XI, where the souls of the proud recite an adapted version in unison. This reinterpretation, as Hollander (2001) observes, “transposes a prayer for the living into a choral meditation of the penitent dead” (p. 148).

Dante’s transformation of the Pater Noster from a prayer of request to one of purification reveals his deep engagement with scholastic theology, especially Thomistic ideas on grace and free will. It needs to be understood that “Scholastic theology sought to apply logic and reason to Scripture and to present truth as an internally consistent whole” (GotQuestions.org. (2022), something that can be seen through this transformed prayer. As the souls ascend Mount Purgatory, each terrace represents a moral rehabilitation of a particular sin through the cultivation of its contrary virtue. For the proud, this begins with humility, precisely the virtue embodied in Christ’s own words of prayer.

The Texts: Christ’s Model and Dante’s Adaptation

The Lord’s Prayer

The Lord’s Prayer, found in Matthew 6:9–13 (ESV), reads:

“Our Father in heaven, hallowed be your name. Your kingdom come, your will be done, on earth as it is in heaven. Give us this day our daily bread, and forgive us our debts, as we also have forgiven our debtors. And lead us not into temptation, but deliver us from evil.”

 

In this prayer, humanity acknowledges its dependence on divine will for sustenance, forgiveness, and moral guidance. Augustine (1888), in Sermon on the Mount (Book II), interpreted it as the “perfect rule of charity,” encompassing the entire moral order of Christian life.

Dante’s Purgatorial Prayer

In Purgatorio Canto XI, the penitents who bore the sin of pride recite a collective version of this prayer. Dante opens the canto with their voices rising together:

“O our Father, who art in Heaven, not circumscribed, but for the greater love thou bearest to the first effects on high, praised be thy name and thine omnipotence by every creature, as is meet to render thanks to thy sweet effluence of grace. Let come to us the peace of thy dominion, for we cannot attain it of ourselves, if it come not, for all our striving, to thee. As of their will thine angels make sacrifice to thee, Hosanna singing, so may men make sacrifice of theirs. Give us this day our daily manna, without which he who toils through this wild desert backward goes to the dark realm of sin. And as we pardon all for the wrong they do us, do thou, O Lord, pardon benignly, nor regard our desert, but look upon the Cross. If we merit not by our prayer, of thy compassion we beseech thee that thou freely give us that which we beseech. Let not our ancient foe put us to proof, whose adversary he is to the faith. So that the last evil may not tear us away from thee.”   — (Purgatorio XI.1–24, trans. Musa, 2003)

 

This prayer parallels the Gospel text almost line by line but adapts it to the condition of the souls in Purgatory, emphasizing dependence on grace and the collective pursuit of humility. As Barolini (1992) notes, “Dante’s prayer is both universal and particular—it speaks for all humanity, but its tone is penitent rather than supplicant” (p. 97).

Theological and Structural Parallels

Both prayers follow a similar sequence of praise, petition, forgiveness, and protection, yet the nuances in Dante’s version reveal a shift from divine instruction to human contrition.

The Lord’s Prayer (Matthew 6:9–13)	Dante’s Prayer (Purgatorio XI)	Interpretive Commentary
“Our Father in heaven”	“O our Father, who art in Heaven, not circumscribed…”	Dante emphasizes God’s transcendence; Heaven is not a location but an expression of divine love.
“Hallowed be your name”	“Praised be thy name and thine omnipotence by every creature…”	Both prayers glorify God’s name, but Dante universalizes it, expanding praise to all creation.
“Your kingdom come, your will be done…”	“Let come to us the peace of thy dominion… as of their will thine angels make sacrifice to thee”	Dante spiritualizes the “kingdom” into peace, a Thomistic symbol of harmony between human and divine will.
“Give us this day our daily bread”	“Give us this day our daily manna”	The substitution of manna recalls the Israelites’ desert trial, humanity’s pilgrimage toward grace.
“Forgive us our debts…”	“And as we pardon all for the wrong they do us, do thou, O Lord, pardon benignly…”	Dante ties forgiveness to the image of the Cross, underscoring redemption through mercy.
“Lead us not into temptation…”	“Let not our ancient foe put us to proof… but deliver us from him who spurs us so.”	The “ancient foe” explicitly names Satan, personalizing the battle between grace and temptation.

The proud acknowledge in their prayer,

This captures the Thomistic doctrine of cooperative grace: salvation requires both divine initiative and human cooperation (Summa Theologica, I–II, Q.109).

The Moral and Psychological Function of the Prayer

Dante’s prayer of the proud functions as a theological antidote to their former vice. “Whereas, in the Inferno, the sinners met by Dante tended to be fixed in the habits of thought which led them to sin, in the Purgatorio Dante faces the challenge of depicting souls who are in a process of change” (Payne, S. (2018). Pride, the root of all sin according to Augustine and Gregory the Great, is here counteracted by communal humility. By reciting the prayer collectively, the penitents dissolve individual egos in a shared confession of dependence. As Hollander (2001) explains, “the communal voice signifies the moral reordering of the will—from self-love to charity” (p. 153).

“Dante treats the first terrace of Mount Purgatory, the terrace of pride, as a formal teaching tool. He divides his major narrative building blocks by canto, thus making them discrete and recognizable: the biblical and classical examples of humility, the virtue that corresponds to the vice being purged, are allocated to Purgatorio 10” (Purgatorio 10 – Digital Dante, n.d.). While Dante listens to the recitation of Pater Noster, each verse of the prayer mirrors the soul’s gradual purification. The act of recitation under burden, the proud bow under the weight of massive stones, embodies humility in both posture and word. The imagery transforms the Pater Noster from a spiritual petition into a performative act of penance.

The Silent Prayer of the Envious (Purgatorio XIII)

In contrast, the souls of the envious in Purgatorio Canto XIII experience a form of wordless prayer. Their eyes are sewn shut with iron wire, a punishment for having looked with resentment upon others. They cannot recite prayers aloud; instead, they murmur scriptural phrases of love and compassion:

This movement from verbal to silent prayer represents the transformation of the heart. As Singleton (1977) notes, “in their silence, the envious learn to see through the heart rather than the eye” (p. 204). While the proud speak to God, the envious listen inwardly; their prayer is empathy incarnate.

Theological Implications

The moral trajectory of Purgatorio, from pride to envy to wrath, mirrors humanity’s progressive purification of love. Dante’s adaptation of the Lord’s Prayer thus becomes a microcosm of redemption. The difference between Christ’s prayer and Dante’s version lies not in content but in context and posture. Pepper (2025) argues that “how Dante figures intercessory prayer [is] as itself a form of participation in divine perfection, particularly by tracing his associations across the Commedia between prayer and various forms of virtuous activity.”

Christ teaches humanity to pray in purity; Dante’s souls pray to recover that purity. As Barolini (1992) states, “the Pater Noster on the terrace of pride is both imitation and healing—it is prayer as medicine for the soul” (p. 99).

Conclusion

The Lord’s Prayer and Dante’s Purgatorial Prayer form a theological dialogue across time. Both affirm dependence on divine will, but Dante recontextualizes the prayer within the moral economy of Purgatory, transforming it into a collective act of humility. The proud’s recitation and the envious’ silent empathy mark progressive stages of moral healing, the restoration of love’s proper order. In this synthesis of prayer, theology, and poetry, Dante demonstrates that true prayer is not merely spoken but lived: an ascent from self toward God through the purgation of pride, envy, and sin. “Dante figures intercessory prayer in his Commedia as a form of participation in divine perfection, and his figuration of prayer provides a theological locus for reflection on the nature of divine perfection” (Pepper 2025).

📚 References

Aquinas, T. (1981). Summa theologica (Fathers of the English Dominican Province, Trans.). Christian Classics. (Original work published 1265–1274) https://www.documentacatholicaomnia.eu/03d/1225-1274,_Thomas_Aquinas,_Summa_Theologiae_%5B1%5D,_EN.pdf

Augustine. (1888). On the sermon on the mount (W. Findlay, Trans.). In Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers, Vol. VI. Christian Literature Publishing. https://archive.org/details/aselectlibrary06unknuoft/page/n7/mode/2up

Barolini, T. (1992). The undivine comedy: Detheologizing Dante. Princeton University Press. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctt7rvnj

Dante Alighieri. (2003). The divine comedy: Purgatorio (M. Musa, Trans.). Penguin Classics.

GotQuestions.org. (2022, September 27). GotQuestions.org. https://www.gotquestions.org/scholastic-theology.html#:~:text=Scholastic%20theology%20sought%20to%20apply,such%20as%20science%20and%20philosophy.

Hollander, R. (2001). Dante: A life in works. Yale University Press. https://www.academia.edu/843986/Dante_a_life_in_works

Payne, S. (2018, September 21). Purgatorio. https://ahc.leeds.ac.uk/discover-dante/doc/purgatorio/page/2

Pepper, S. C. (2025, March 23). Prayer, participation, and perfection in Dante’s commedia. Modern Theology, 41(3), 515–538. https://doi.org/10.1111/moth.12988

Purgatorio 10 – Digital Dante. (n.d.). https://digitaldante.columbia.edu/dante/divine-comedy/purgatorio/purgatorio-10/#:~:text=10.65%2C%20who%20dances%20before%20the,10.130%2D32).

Singleton, C. S. (1977). Dante studies II: Journey to Beatrice. Harvard University Press.

The Holy Bible, English Standard Version. (2001). Crossway.

Reader's Handout: The Lord’s Prayer and Dante’s Purgatorial Prayer

Reader's Handout: The Lord’s Prayer and Dante’s Purgatorial Prayer by Jonathan Acuña

 

Introductory Note to the Reader      Reflective journaling entered my professional life during my graduate studies at Laureate Education, and it quickly became foundational to my growth as an instructor. Far from being a mere academic exercise, journaling allowed me to understand how language learning unfolds cognitively, emotionally, and socially. Over the years, it has helped me identify when and how I can support my students as they move beyond their current developmental stages—those subtle, yet transformative “pinch points” where guidance, clarity, or encouragement unlocks new learning.      As my understanding deepened, I came to appreciate that reflection is not only a personal tool but also a professional responsibility. An experienced educator recognizes that growth does not end with mastering teaching techniques; it culminates in accompanying other teachers on their journeys. That conviction motivates the essay that follows, which explores mentorship as the highest and most human dimension of reflective professional development.

From Reflection to Leadership: Mentorship as the Fourth Level of Professional Growth in ELT

	Abstract This essay argues that mentorship represents the fourth and culminating level of professional growth within a reflective English Language Teaching (ELT) framework. Building on Schön’s (1983) concept of “knowing-in-action” and Farrell’s (2022) work on reflective teacher identity, the paper proposes that reflection naturally evolves into leadership through the relational and collaborative practice of mentorship. By extending the Kirkpatrick Model beyond institutional metrics, the essay conceptualizes “Level 4” not only as measurable results but also as the development of reflective communities sustained by experienced teachers. Drawing on the work of Hargreaves and Fullan (2012), Richards and Farrell (2005), and Mercer and Gregersen (2020), it highlights how mentorship strengthens teacher well-being, professional capital, and institutional culture. Ultimately, the essay positions reflective mentorship as pedagogical stewardship—teachers nurturing teachers—and the most enduring expression of professional maturity in ELT.	Keywords: Reflective Practice, Mentorship, ELT Leadership, Professional Capital, Teacher Well-Being, Kirkpatrick Model, Reflective Communities
	Resumen Este ensayo sostiene que la mentoría constituye el cuarto y último nivel del desarrollo profesional dentro de un marco reflexivo de la enseñanza del inglés (ELT). Basándose en el concepto de Schön (1983) de “knowing-in-action” y en el trabajo de Farrell (2022) sobre la identidad docente reflexiva, el artículo propone que la reflexión evoluciona naturalmente hacia el liderazgo por medio de la práctica relacional y colaborativa de la mentoría. Al ampliar el Modelo de Kirkpatrick más allá de indicadores institucionales, se interpreta el “Nivel 4” no solo como resultados medibles, sino como el desarrollo de comunidades reflexivas sostenidas por docentes experimentados. A partir de las ideas de Hargreaves y Fullan (2012), Richards y Farrell (2005) y Mercer y Gregersen (2020), el ensayo muestra cómo la mentoría fortalece el bienestar docente, el capital profesional y la cultura institucional. En última instancia, se presenta la mentoría reflexiva como una forma de mayordomía pedagógica —docentes que forman a otros docentes— y como la expresión más duradera de la madurez profesional en ELT.
	Resumo Este ensaio argumenta que a mentoria representa o quarto e último nível do desenvolvimento profissional dentro de um marco reflexivo no ensino de inglês (ELT). Com base no conceito de “knowing-in-action” de Schön (1983) e no trabalho de Farrell (2022) sobre a identidade docente reflexiva, o texto propõe que a reflexão evolui naturalmente para a liderança por meio da prática relacional e colaborativa da mentoria. Ao expandir o Modelo de Kirkpatrick além dos indicadores institucionais, o ensaio interpreta o “Nível 4” não apenas como resultados mensuráveis, mas como o desenvolvimento de comunidades reflexivas sustentadas por professores experientes. Inspirado pelas contribuições de Hargreaves e Fullan (2012), Richards e Farrell (2005) e Mercer e Gregersen (2020), mostra como a mentoria fortalece o bem-estar docente, o capital profissional e a cultura institucional. Conclui-se que a mentoria reflexiva constitui uma forma de liderança pedagógica —professores formando professores— e a expressão mais duradoura da maturidade profissional no ELT.

Reader’s Comprehension and Reflection Worksheet by Jonathan Acuña

 

Introductory Note to the Reader      This is the third time in my life that I have the opportunity to read The Divine Comedy. Each reading has revealed new layers of meaning, but this time, I chose to delve specifically into the disturbing episode of Count Ugolino’s eternal feast on Archbishop Ruggieri’s skull.      I wanted to better understand what Dante was ethically and theologically exposing through this grotesque and unforgettable scene.      The following paper represents that exploration, an attempt to see beyond the horror and uncover the moral architecture that Dante constructs around betrayal, vengeance, and the dark logic of sin. And here it is.

 

Cannibalism and Conscience: The Ethics of Revenge in Dante’s Inferno Canto XXXIII

	Abstract This essay examines the ethical implications of Count Ugolino’s eternal act of cannibalistic vengeance in Canto XXXIII of Dante Alighieri’s Inferno. Situated in the Ninth Circle, this episode dramatizes themes of betrayal, corrupted reason, political treachery, moral cannibalism, and the tension between human revenge and divine justice. Drawing on scholarly analyses by Hollander, Singleton, Barolini, and others, the paper argues that Dante’s portrayal of Ugolino serves as a symbolic critique of unregulated vengeance and the spiritual self-devouring that results from rejecting forgiveness. Through close textual analysis of the Italian and English verses and references to Thomistic moral philosophy, the essay situates Ugolino’s punishment within Dante’s larger ethical vision, where sin becomes an inward-turning act that annihilates both self and community. The episode ultimately reveals how hatred, when allowed to reign unchecked, becomes an eternal feast upon one’s own damnation.	Keywords: Dante Alighieri, Ugolino, Inferno XXXIII, Vengeance, Betrayal, Thomistic Ethics, Ethics, Moral Cannibalism, Moral Theology, Dante Studies
	Resumen Este ensayo analiza las implicaciones éticas del acto eterno de venganza caníbal del conde Ugolino en el Canto XXXIII del Infierno de Dante Alighieri. Situado en el Noveno Círculo, este episodio dramatiza temas de traición, corrupción de la razón, conflicto político, canibalismo moral y la tensión entre la venganza humana y la justicia divina. A partir de análisis de Hollander, Singleton, Barolini y otros críticos, el ensayo sostiene que la representación de Ugolino funciona como una crítica simbólica contra la venganza descontrolada y el autoaniquilamiento espiritual que surge cuando se rechaza el perdón. Mediante un análisis textual detallado de los versos en italiano e inglés y referencias a la ética tomista, el ensayo ubica el castigo de Ugolino dentro de la visión ética más amplia de Dante, donde el pecado se convierte en un acto que se vuelve hacia dentro y destruye tanto al individuo como a la comunidad. El episodio revela, en última instancia, cómo el odio perpetuo se transforma en un banquete eterno sobre la propia condenación.
	Resumo Este ensaio investiga as implicações éticas do ato eterno de vingança canibal do conde Ugolino no Canto XXXIII do Inferno de Dante Alighieri. Localizado no Nono Círculo, o episódio dramatiza temas de traição, razão corrompida, conflito político, canibalismo moral e a tensão entre a vingança humana e a justiça divina. Com base em estudos de Hollander, Singleton, Barolini e outros, o ensaio argumenta que a representação de Ugolino funciona como uma crítica simbólica à vingança descontrolada e ao autoaniquilamento espiritual resultante da recusa do perdão. Por meio de análise textual dos versos em italiano e inglês e referências à ética tomista, o estudo insere o castigo de Ugolino na visão ética mais ampla de Dante, segundo a qual o pecado é um movimento interior que destrói o indivíduo e a comunidade. O episódio demonstra que o ódio eterno se converte em um banquete interminável sobre a própria perdição.

Introduction

At the lowest depth of the Inferno, Dante encounters a bizarre scene of frozen hatred: two souls locked in a grotesque intimacy, one gnawing on the skull of the other. In Inferno Canto XXXIII, Count Ugolino della Gherardesca is eternally devouring the head of Archbishop Ruggieri degli Ubaldini, symbolizing vengeance perpetuated beyond death. Dante introduces them in the Ninth Circle, specifically in Antenora, “which holds traitors to country, city, and party” Armenikus & Statler 2025). The episode is a masterpiece of ethical symbolism, portraying how betrayal and vengeance consume both body and soul.

The act of biting another’s skull evokes primal savagery, yet Dante’s moral vision extends beyond the literal image: it becomes a mirror of moral cannibalism, where revenge feeds endlessly upon itself. For Vasquez (2020), “Dante's portrayal of Count Ugolino implies deeper crimes beyond cannibalism, suggesting pedophilia and betrayal.”

Political Betrayal and the Context of Ugolino’s Damnation

Historically, Count Ugolino was a Pisan noble accused in 1289 of treason by Archbishop Ruggieri, “whose alliance he had sought, had him imprisoned with his two sons and two grandchildren in a tower, where the whole family was left to die of starvation” (Borges Center, n.d.) Dante’s retelling transforms this political tragedy into an allegory of corrupted reason and spiritual blindness.

Ugolino narrates his imprisonment, starvation, and the deaths of his children with chilling restraint:

This ambiguous line, whether Ugolino succumbed to hunger or resorted to cannibalism, reveals the moral paradox Dante constructs: Ugolino is both victim and sinner. As Hollander (2001) argues, “Dante portrays Ugolino not simply as an object of pity, but as one who internalizes the very cruelty he suffered” (p. 212). His eternal punishment, gnawing the skull of his betrayer, embodies a cyclical vengeance that perpetuates the sin of betrayal he once endured.

Ethical Dimensions: Justice, Vengeance, and Sin

The moral teaching in this episode lies in Dante’s confrontation between human revenge and divine justice. While Ugolino seeks vengeance through eternal violence, Dante’s theology insists that true justice belongs only to God. Thomas Aquinas (Summa Theologica, II–II, Q.108) warns that “vengeance is lawful only when directed by justice, not by passion.” Ugolino’s endless feeding on Ruggieri’s skull is therefore not justice but the eternalization of passion, a moral imprisonment within wrath and pride.

His inability to forgive, even in death, signals the final corruption of his moral will. Singleton (1977) notes that “Ugolino’s crime is the refusal of transcendence; he cannot cease to be his own avenger” (p. 227). This refusal renders his suffering unredemptive, contrasting with the penitents of Purgatorio, who transform pain into purification.

Dante’s Role as Witness and Moral Interpreter

Dante’s dialogue with Ugolino blurs the line between empathy and condemnation. The poet listens with horror yet does not intervene; his silence signifies both compassion and moral distance. When Dante hears Ugolino’s story, he is moved to curse Pisa itself:

Here, Dante acts as a moral intermediary, condemning not just the sinner but the entire political system that enabled betrayal. Barolini (1992) explains that “Dante’s condemnation of Pisa reflects his moral vision that sin is not private—it infects the body politic” (p. 112).

Symbolism of Cannibalism: The Devouring of Humanity

The image of Ugolino gnawing Ruggieri’s skull is not mere grotesque invention; it dramatizes the spiritual cannibalism of sin. As pointed out by Cotton, K. (2015), “Historians believe that, in fact, Ugolino did try to preserve his life by eating on his dead family there in the tower. Not once does Dante the Poet consider that Ugolino offered his own flesh and blood to preserve these little ones. He engages in cannibalism in life and engages in cannibalism in death. He loved only himself in life and gets to devour his enemy in death.” The act of devouring symbolizes a will turned inward, feeding upon hatred rather than love. Aquinas defined sin as “a turning away from God toward mutable good” (Summa Theologica, I–II, Q.71), and here the mutable “good” is revenge itself.

Ugolino’s eternal consumption of Ruggieri’s skull becomes a perverse Eucharist, an inversion of the sacrament of communion. As explained by Warlick (n.d.), “We receive the Eucharist under the appearance of basic, elemental foods, bread and wine. And the sacrament brings about spiritually the nourishment it symbolizes, for in it Christ provides us richly with all that we need for healing and nourishment in the life of grace.” Instead of receiving divine grace, Ugolino partakes in endless hatred. Hollander (2001) describes this inversion as “a blasphemous parody of sacred eating, where the soul consumes not God, but its own damnation” (p. 215).

The Ethics of Pity and the Reader’s Moral Response

Dante’s ethical genius lies in his ability to implicate the reader in the moral dilemma. Are we to pity Ugolino or condemn him? For Hollander, “Dante's risky technique was to trust us, his readers, with the responsibility for seizing upon the details in the narratives told by these sympathetic sinners in order to condemn them on the evidence that issues from their own mouths.” Dante’s narrative style, blending pathos with horror, forces the reader to experience moral ambivalence. The Inferno thus becomes a test of ethical discernment, not mere observation.

As Ugolino finishes his tale, Dante says nothing. The silence following the story mirrors the collapse of moral categories: the victim and perpetrator are fused in shared damnation. Singleton (1977) concludes that “Dante’s silence is the ethical recognition that vengeance without grace annihilates both self and other” (p. 231).

Conclusion

In Inferno Canto XXXIII, Dante encapsulates one of the most complex moral paradoxes of his entire Commedia: the interplay between justice and revenge. The image of Ugolino devouring Ruggieri’s skull dramatizes how hatred perpetuates itself, even beyond death, when love and forgiveness are absent. Through this scene, Dante teaches that ethical salvation requires transcendence of vengeance, a surrender of one’s moral will to divine order.

Dante’s moral universe, grounded in Thomistic and Augustinian ethics, reveals that the punishment of the damned is not imposed from without but arises from within. As it is explained by Thomistic Guy (2025), “Dante creates a work which has long inspired both Catholic and non-religious images of hell and suffering, and all centred around values and morality based long in both Thomistic, and to some extent, Aristotelian thought.” Ugolino’s eternal feast is the embodiment of his own moral choice: to feed on vengeance rather than grace.

📚 References

Aquinas, T. (1981). Summa theologica (Fathers of the English Dominican Province, Trans.). Christian Classics. (Original work published 1265–1274) https://www.documentacatholicaomnia.eu/03d/1225-1274,_Thomas_Aquinas,_Summa_Theologiae_%5B1%5D,_EN.pdf

Armenikus, V. and Statler, L. (2025, May 1). Breaking the Ice Within ❄️: The Line Between Good and Evil Passes Through Every Heart. Retrieved form Genius & Ink. https://armenikus.substack.com/p/breaking-the-ice-within-the-line

Barolini, T. (1992). The undivine comedy: Detheologizing Dante. Princeton University Press.

Cotton, K. (2015, March 21). Category: Cannibalism. (n.d.). PERPETUAL ASTONISHMENT. https://perpetualastonishment.weebly.com/inferno/category/cannibalism#:~:text=Historians%20believe%20that%2C%20in%20fact,a%20totally%20self%2Dreferent%20reality.

Dante Alighieri. (2003). The divine comedy: Inferno (M. Musa, Trans.). Penguin Classics.

Hollander, R. (1988). The moral situation of the reader of Inferno (2.0). Princeton Dante Project. https://dante.princeton.edu/pdp/moralsit.html#:~:text=If%20we%20are%20struck%20by,coming%20of%20Beatrice%20to%20Limbo.

Hollander, R. (2001). Dante: A life in works. Yale University Press. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/348496243_Dante_A_Life_in_Works

Singleton, C. S. (1977). Dante studies II: Journey to Beatrice. Harvard University Press. https://share.google/FDgCJXKjaGAJPVfmz

The Holy Bible, English Standard Version. (2001). Crossway.

Guy, T. (2025, January 31). Ethics in the Inferno: Aquinas, Aristotle, and Dante’s Vision of Virtue. Thomistic Guy. https://thomisticguy.substack.com/p/ethics-in-the-inferno-aquinas-aristotle?utm_campaign=post&utm_medium=web

Ugolino della Gherardesca | Borges Center. (n.d.). University of Pittsburgh https://www.borges.pitt.edu/i/ugolino-della-gherardesca#:~:text=Index:%20La%20espera%2C%20El%20Aleph,damnation%20in%20the%20same%20circle.

Vasquez, P. (2020). Dante's Cannibal Count: Unnatural Hunger and its Reckoning. Retrieved from Academia.Com https://www.academia.edu/43990092/Dantes_Cannibal_Count_Unnatural_Hunger_and_its_Reckoning

Warlick, D. (n.d.). Holy Eucharist. St. Mary Catholic Church and School - Derby, KS. https://www.stmarysderby.com/sacraments/holy-eucharist#:~:text=We%20receive%20the%20Eucharist%20under%20the%20appearance,and%20nourishment%20in%20the%20life%20of%20grace.

Reader's Handout

Reader's Handout by Jonathan Acuña