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Introductory
Note to the Reader Regardless of one’s faith, creed, or
philosophical inclination, ethics and morality remain the fundamental
principles that should govern human action. This conviction is not new; it
echoes the teachings of Aristotle in his Ethics, where the cultivation
of virtue is understood as a conscious, deliberate practice rather than a
passive inheritance. It is from this standpoint that the present reflection
emerges. Moral and ethical inaction, as well as
blind conformity, are positions I firmly oppose. Although I was raised within
the Catholic tradition, such a background does not, and should not, render
one incapable of critical thought. On the contrary, it has compelled me to
examine more closely how uncritical adherence to religious dogma can, at
times, function as a mechanism to evade personal responsibility. When belief
becomes automatic, it risks transforming into a form of ethical passivity. Engaging with António Vieira’s Sermão
de Santa Teresa has been instrumental in prompting a deeper reflection on
my own moral and ethical condition. This work does not merely present a
theological argument; it challenges the reader to confront the gap between
external observance and internal conviction. This essay was not written to persuade
the reader to adopt any particular religious belief. Rather, it is conceived
as an ethical and intellectual exercise, an invitation to question, to
reflect, and to reassess what is often accepted without scrutiny. Vieira’s
sermon, in this sense, becomes more than a religious text; it serves as a
catalyst for examining the foundations upon which society constructs its notions
of what is ethically and morally “correct.” Jonathan
Acuña Solano |
Fear
of Freedom and Moral Responsibility: Ethics, Conscience, and the Figure of the
“Nécias” in António Vieira’s Sermão de Santa Teresa
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Abstract This
essay explores the ethical and moral dimensions of Sermão de Santa Teresa
by António Vieira through the theoretical lens of Erich Fromm’s Fear of
Freedom. It argues that Vieira’s critique of the “nécias” (foolish
virgins) reflects a broader condemnation of moral procrastination, ethical
inaction, and conformity disguised as virtue. Drawing connections between
Vieira’s Baroque theological discourse and Fromm’s distinction between
authoritarian and humanistic morality, the essay demonstrates how both
thinkers identify a shared human tendency to evade responsibility by relying
on external structures of authority. Furthermore, the paper examines the
figure of Santa Teresa as an ethical countermodel who embodies vigilance,
interior freedom, and moral accountability. Ultimately, the analysis
positions Vieira’s sermon as a timeless reflection on the dangers of
delegated conscience and the necessity of ethical self-determination,
independent of religious affiliation. |
Keywords: António
Vieira, Freedom, Responsibility, Conscience, Moral Agency, Ethical Inaction,
Conformity, Religious Critique, Baroque Thought, Humanistic Morality, Sermão
de Santa Teresa |
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Resumen Este ensayo explora las dimensiones éticas y morales
del Sermão de Santa Teresa de António Vieira a través del marco
teórico de Erich Fromm en El miedo a la libertad. Se argumenta que la
crítica de Vieira hacia las “nécias” (las vírgenes necias) constituye una
condena de la procrastinación moral, la inacción ética y el conformismo
disfrazado de virtud. Al establecer conexiones entre el discurso teológico
barroco de Vieira y la distinción de Fromm entre moral autoritaria y moral
humanista, el ensayo demuestra cómo ambos pensadores identifican una
tendencia humana compartida: la evasión de la responsabilidad mediante la
dependencia de estructuras externas de autoridad. Asimismo, se analiza la
figura de Santa Teresa como un modelo ético que encarna la vigilancia, la
libertad interior y la responsabilidad moral. En última instancia, el texto
posiciona el sermón de Vieira como una reflexión atemporal sobre los peligros
de delegar la conciencia y la necesidad de una autodeterminación ética,
independientemente de la afiliación religiosa. |
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Resumo Este ensaio analisa as dimensões éticas e morais do Sermão
de Santa Teresa de António Vieira à luz do pensamento de Erich Fromm em O
Medo à Liberdade. Argumenta-se que a crítica de Vieira às “nécias” (as
virgens insensatas) representa uma condenação da procrastinação moral, da
inação ética e do conformismo disfarçado de virtude. Ao relacionar o discurso
teológico barroco de Vieira com a distinção de Fromm entre moral autoritária
e moral humanista, o ensaio demonstra como ambos identificam uma tendência
humana comum: a fuga à responsabilidade por meio da dependência de
autoridades externas. Além disso, analisa-se a figura de Santa Teresa como um
modelo ético que encarna vigilância, liberdade interior e responsabilidade
moral. Por fim, o ensaio propõe que o sermão de Vieira constitui uma reflexão
intemporal sobre os perigos da delegação da consciência e a necessidade de
autodeterminação ética, independentemente de qualquer credo religioso. |
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“Não
se perderam as virgens nécias por não serem virgens, mas por serem nécias.”
“The foolish virgins were not lost because they were not
virgins, but because they were foolish.” – António Viera
Introduction
The
tension between freedom and obedience has long occupied both theological and
philosophical inquiry and research. In the twentieth century, Erich Fromm
famously argued that modern individuals frequently seek to escape freedom, not
because it is denied to them, but because it imposes responsibility, anxiety,
and self-determination (Fromm, 1941), perhaps something society does not
prepare individuals for. Centuries earlier, the Jesuit preacher António Vieira
addressed a remarkably similar ethical problem within a Christian framework. In
his Sermão de Santa Teresa, Vieira confronts believers who cling to
religious forms while avoiding the interior labor demanded by authentic faith.
This
essay, my post 546 on my reflective journaling blog, argues that Vieira’s
sermon articulates an ethical vision that closely parallels Fromm’s critique of
moral evasion. Through an analysis of Vieira’s rhetoric, his use of biblical
metaphor, particularly the parable of the wise and foolish virgins, and his
portrayal of Santa Teresa as a model of moral agency, the paper demonstrates
that Vieira condemns not freedom but the refusal to assume it and what it entails
for the believer. By reading Vieira alongside Fromm, the sermon emerges not
merely as devotional literature, but as a profound meditation on ethical
adulthood, conscience, and the danger of delegated morality.
Theoretical Framework: Fromm’s
Fear of Freedom
In Fear
of Freedom, Fromm challenges the assumption that freedom is universally
desired, that every single individual wants it to be experienced and lived. On
the contrary, he contends that freedom produces isolation and anxiety, leading
individuals to surrender their autonomy and self-determination in exchange for
security:
“Freedom,
though it has brought man independence and rationality, has made him isolated
and, thereby, anxious and powerless” (Fromm, 1941, p. 35).
To
escape this anxiety people are bound to face, individuals adopt mechanisms such
as authoritarianism, destructiveness, and automaton conformity to cope with
this “undesired” feeling. Of particular relevance to religious ethics is
Fromm’s distinction between authoritarian morality, grounded in external
authority and obedience, and humanistic morality, which arises from
internalized ethical responsibility:
“Authoritarian
conscience is the voice of an internalized authority; humanistic conscience is
the voice of our own selves” (Fromm, 1941, p. 158).
This
distinction provides a powerful lens through which to read Vieira’s sermon,
which repeatedly attacks forms of religiosity that substitute external
observance for interior transformation.
Historical and Rhetorical Context of Vieira’s Sermão
de Santa Teresa
António
Vieira (1608–1697) was a master of Baroque rhetoric, but his sermons are not
merely ornamental. His sermons are ethical interventions aimed at reshaping the
listener’s conscience. Preached in honor of Santa Teresa of Ávila, the Sermão
de Santa Teresa uses the saint not as an unreachable icon, but as a mirror
against which Christian complacency is exposed.
Vieira’s
Baroque style, rich in antithesis, paradox, and biblical allegory, serves a
moral purpose: to destabilize false certainties. His audience, largely
composed of professed Christians, is accused not of ignorance but of moral
delay. This delay is dramatized through the biblical parable of the virgins
awaiting the bridegroom.
The Biblical Metaphor: Wise
Virgins and Nécias
The
parable of the ten virgins (Matthew 25:1–13) distinguishes between the wise (prudentes)
and the foolish (stultae). Vieira intensifies the moral force of the
passage by referring to the foolish virgins as nécias, a term that
implies not mere ignorance, but willful negligence and ethical frivolity.
In Sermão de Santa Teresa, Vieira states:
“Não se perderam as virgens nécias
por não serem virgens, mas por serem nécias.” (Viera, 2012)
(The foolish virgins were not lost because they were not virgins, but because
they were foolish.)
This
distinction is ethically crucial. The virgins in the parable possess the form
of virtue but lack its substance. Their lamps are empty because they
have failed to cultivate interior readiness. Vieira’s condemnation is not of
sin in the conventional sense, but of moral irresponsibility.
From a
Frommian perspective, the nécias represent individuals who postpone
ethical selfhood. They rely on external markers of belonging rather than
developing an internal moral compass. Their failure is not accidental; it is
the consequence of evading responsibility until it is too late to make changes
on their behavior or way of doing things.
Moral Procrastination and the
Illusion of Safety
Vieira
repeatedly associates the nécias with delay and false security. They
assume there will always be time, always another chance to comply with what is
demanded of them. This illusion mirrors Fromm’s description of individuals who
conform to social or religious norms while avoiding genuine self-determination.
In Fear
of Freedom, Fromm writes:
“The
individual ceases to be himself; he adopts entirely the kind of personality
offered to him by cultural patterns” (Fromm, 1941, p. 150).
Similarly,
Vieira warns that ritual without vigilance produces spiritual emptiness:
“Dormiam todas; mas umas dormiam com
prudência, outras com descuido.” (Viera, 2012)
(They all slept; but some slept with prudence, others with negligence.)
“Sleep”
here symbolizes moral inertia. The wise virgins sleep without abandoning
responsibility; the nécias sleep to escape it. Vieira thus frames
ethical failure as a choice, not a condition imposed from without.
Santa Teresa as an Ethical
Countermodel
Against
the figure of the nécias, Vieira presents Santa Teresa as a model of
interior freedom and moral action and movement. Teresa’s sanctity does not
arise from blind obedience but from relentless self-examination and ethical
courage to do what is ethically correct.
Vieira emphasizes her vigilance:
“Teresa não esperou o Esposo
dormindo, mas velando.” (Viera,
2012)
(Teresa did not await the Bridegroom asleep, but watchful.)
This
vigilance aligns closely with Fromm’s concept of humanistic conscience. Teresa
acts not because she fears punishment in her earthly living or in the afterlife,
but because she has internalized moral responsibility as her priority in life.
Her freedom is not freedom from obligation, but freedom to act
ethically.
Fromm
insists that maturity requires this internalization:
“Man
must accept the responsibility for himself and the fact that only he himself
can give meaning to his life” (Fromm, 1941, p. 290).
Teresa
exemplifies this ethical adulthood, standing in stark contrast to the nécias,
who seek salvation without transformation, with exercising ethical reponsibility.
Authoritarian Religion and
Delegated Conscience
One of
Vieira’s most striking insights in this sermon is his implicit critique of
authoritarian religiosity operating at his time in history. By exposing the
emptiness of the foolish virgins’ virtue, at least in the eyes of others, he
suggests that obedience without conscience is morally dangerous; with his way of
acting, people are bound to fall into an ethical fallacy. The nécias
obey rules, maintain appearances, and belong to the community, yet fail
ethically to commit to their moral responsibilities.
Around
this idea, Vieira observes:
“Há muitas almas cheias de cerimônias
e vazias de virtudes.” (Viera,
2012)
(There are many souls full of ceremonies and empty of virtues.)
This argument
resonates powerfully with Fromm’s warning that authoritarian systems allow
individuals to abdicate moral responsibility and act as others do because it is
the social norm. People then act because that is the way everybody does without
any ethical questioning. When ethics are outsourced, evil becomes easier, not
harder to accept and normalize in society.
Freedom, Anxiety, and Ethical
Courage
It
needs to be noted that both António Vieira and Erich Fromm recognize that true
freedom is unsettling and there is an underlying fear to face it. To keep one’s
lamp filled requires constant effort and moral, ethical vigilance. The fear of
this effort leads individuals to seek comfort in habit largely accepted by
society, conformity to what everyone does to fulfill an ethical task and delay
one’s questioning of what needs to be “correctly” (ethically) done. Vieira’s
sermon, like Fromm’s analysis, exposes this strategy as ethical self-defeating
and conforming to what everybody else does and is even well seen by moral,
ethical authorities in each community.
The nécias
fear the labor of freedom more than they fear exclusion; moral, ethical
inaction is not questioned but conformed to socially accepted norms. Their
tragedy lies not in ignorance but in avoidance or commitment to their moral,
ethical duty. Teresa, by contrast, embraces the anxiety of vigilance and thus
achieves ethical integrity.
Conclusion
Reading
António Vieira’s Sermão de Santa Teresa through Erich Fromm’s Fear of
Freedom reveals a profound ethical convergence across centuries. Both
thinkers diagnose a fundamental human temptation: to escape freedom by
substituting external forms for internal responsibility. Vieira’s nécias
anticipate Fromm’s conformist individuals, while Santa Teresa embodies the
courage required for ethical selfhood.
Ultimately,
the sermon teaches that morality cannot be postponed, delegated, or simulated.
Freedom demands vigilance, and faith, like ethics, requires the courage to
remain awake. In this sense, Vieira’s sermon is not merely a religious
exhortation but a timeless warning against the comfort of moral sleep and
inaction.
San José, Costa Rica
Sunday, March 22, 2026
📚 References
Fromm, E. (1941). Escape from freedom. Farrar & Rinehart.
Vieira,
A. (2012). Sermão de Santa Teresa e do Santíssimo Sacramento [Kindle
edition]. https://www.amazon.com/Serm%C3%A3o-Teresa-Sant%C3%ADssimo-Sacramento-Portuguese-ebook/dp/B00AH3BPWM
The Holy Bible. (New Revised Standard Version). (1989). National Council of Churches.
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